Interaction of Fe2O3 nanoparticles with marine microalga Chlorella sorokiniana: Analysis of growth, morphological changes and biochemical composition

Abstract

The wide utilization of iron-based nanoparticles (NPs) based on their preferential properties has led to the discharge and accumulation of these materials into the aquatic environment. In this regard, a comparative study of different concentrations of α-Fe2O3 NPs and their micro form was conducted using microalga Chlorella sorokiniana up to the stationary growth phase. This study revealed that high concentrations of NPs (100 and 200 mg L−1) imposed a stressful condition on algal cells documented by a reduction in microalga growth, including cell number and specific growth rate. The physical contact between the algal cells and NPs resulted in a shading effect as well as morphological changes validated by scanning electron microscope results. The biochemical composition of C. sorokiniana exposed to high levels of Fe2O3 NPs was also evaluated. The increase in total carbohydrate content of algal cells along with a significant reduction in unsaturated fatty acids was found. Moreover, Fe2O3 NPs exposure induced oxidative stress evidenced by an increase in lipid peroxidation. To cope with oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase activity and antioxidant potential of microalga as defensive mechanisms increased in the culture with high concentrations of NPs. Besides, due to the interactions, microalga tended to form a protective layer from further cell-NP interactions through the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances. Nonetheless, the nano form of Fe2O3 was more toxic than its micro form due to its small size. Overall, this trial may provide additional insight into the toxicological mechanism and safety assessments of Fe2O3 NPs in the aquatic environment.