Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a causative agent of a highly contagious enteric disease in swine of all ages, leading to severe economic losses for the swine industry in many countries. One of the most effective approaches in controlling PEDV infection is vaccination. The ORF3 accessory protein has been proposed as a crucial viral virulence factor in a natural host. However, due to the lack of an extensive comparative study of ORF3, exactly how the ORF3 takes part in virus replication and pathogenesis as well as its role in host-virus interaction is unclear. In this review, we aim to discuss the current knowledge of ORF3 concerning its dispensability for viral replication in vitro, ability to modulate host responses, contribution to virus pathogenicity, and research gaps among ORF3 functional studies. These will be beneficial for further studies to a better understanding of PEDV biology and PEDV vaccine development.
Highlights
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enteric pathogen that has spread in the swine population
The authors later showed that the inclusion of other structural genes, especially the full-length ORF3 derived from the virulent strain, could markedly enhance the virulence of attenuated strain resulting in severe diarrhea in infected pigs [13]
Further investigation is required to confirm whether the ORF3 could function synergistically with the S protein to determine the pathogenicity of the virus
Summary
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enteric pathogen that has spread in the swine population. PEDV infection causes severe watery diarrhea, dehydration, vomiting, and death, in neonatal piglets, resulting in massive economic losses in pig industries worldwide, in the United States, China, South Korea, and Thailand [1,2,3,4]. The highly virulent G2 strain has emerged in China in 2010 and spread to many countries worldwide [2, 3], with the mortality rate in nursing piglets almost 100% [9]. Various G1a-based vaccines have been used to control the outbreaks, their efficacy against these highly virulent strains is minimal [10]. Vaccines designed for the G2 genotype are necessary to effectively control the ongoing PEDV epidemics. The viral genome comprises at least seven open reading frames (Figure 1A) encoding two polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, which can be
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