Abstract
In addition to its role in animals, nowadays nitric oxide (NO) is considered as an emerging signaling molecule in plant systems. It is now believed that NO exerts its pivotal role in various plant physiological processes, such as in seed germination, plant developmental stages, and plant defense mechanisms. In this study, we have taken an initiative to show the biochemical basis of defense response activation in bean leaves during the progression of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc. in detached bean leaves. Stages of pathogen penetration and colonization were successfully established in the detached bean leaves. Results showed up-regulation of different defense-related enzymes and other defense molecules, such as phenols, flavonoids, callose, and lignin molecules, along with NO at early stages of pathogen invasion. Although in the later stages of the disease, development of NO and other defense components (excluding lignin) were down-regulated, the production of reactive oxygen species in the form of H2O2 became elevated. Consequently, other stress markers, such as lipid peroxidation, proline content, and chlorophyll content, were changed accordingly. Correlation between the disease index and other defense molecules, along with NO, indicate that production of NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) might influence the development of anthracnose in common bean.
Highlights
Several species of Colletotrichum are the sole cause of anthracnose diseases in numerous key annual crops and ornamental plants in temperate and subtropical zones around the world [1]
Bean leaves inoculated with fungal conidial suspensions showed typical disease symptoms after two days of incubation (Figure 1)
From the above study it can be concluded that depleted nitric oxide (NO) might be the trademark of successful pathogenesis of the fungus C. gloeosporioides in bean plants
Summary
Several species of Colletotrichum are the sole cause of anthracnose diseases in numerous key annual crops and ornamental plants in temperate and subtropical zones around the world [1]. This includes the anthracnose diseases in cucurbits, onion, bean, cotton, pepper, tomato, and strawberry. Anthracnose can be distinguished by sunken necrotic zones, where dark oblong conidial masses are developed [2] These symptoms appear in both developing and full-grown plant tissues [3]. The necrotic zones frequently coalesce to form large necrotic areas, generally near the leaf margins [4] It leads to withering, wilting, and death of infected plant tissues [5]. C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc., belonging to the family Phyllachoraceae of the division Ascomycota, is one of the most recurrently reported plant pathogens within the genus
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