Abstract
Exposure surrogates, such as air quality measured at a fixed-site monitor (FSM) or residence, are typically used for health estimates. However, people spend various amounts of time in different microenvironments, including the home, office, outdoors and in transit, where they are exposed to different magnitudes of particle and gaseous air pollutants. Health risks caused by air pollution exposure differ among individuals due to differences in activity, microenvironmental concentration, as well as the toxicity of pollutants. We evaluated individual and combined added health risks (AR) of exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and O3 for 21 participants in their daily life based on real-world personal exposure measurements. Exposure errors from using surrogates were quantified. Inter- and intra-individual variability in health risks and key contributors in variations were investigated using linear mixed-effects models and correlation analysis, respectively. Substantial errors were found between personal exposure concentrations and ambient concentrations when using air quality measurements at either FSM or the residence location. The mean exposure errors based on the measurements taken at either the FSM or residence as exposure surrogates was higher for NO2 than PM2.5, because of the larger spatial variability in NO2 concentrations in urban areas. The daily time-integrated AR for the combined PM2.5, NO2, and O3 (TIARcombine) ranged by a factor of 2.5 among participants and by a factor up to 2.5 for a given person across measured days. Inter- and intra-individual variability in TIARcombine is almost equally important. Several factors were identified to be significantly correlated with daily TIARcombine, with the top five factors, including PM2.5, NO2 and O3 concentrations at ‘home indoor’, O3 concentrations at ‘office indoor’ and ambient PM2.5 concentrations. The results on the contributors of variability in the daily TIARcombine could help in targeting interventions to reduce daily health damage related to air pollutants.
Highlights
Introduction iationsAdverse health effects of air pollution are a major public health issue globally
The supplementary material contains additional details on: (a) sensors specifications that are used to measure personal exposure concentrations; (b) carbon dioxide as an indicator of microenvironments to check the consistency of the recorded time-location patterns of the individual; (c) sensitivity analysis of added health risks (AR) estimation based on 1 min exposure concentrations of the pollutants instead of 3 h moving average concentrations; and (d) quantification of inter- and intra-individual variability in the daily time spent in each microenvironment
The supplementary material contains additional results for (a) general characteristics of the study participants; (b) inter- and intra-individual variability in the daily time spent by participants in each microenvironment; (c) summary statistics of personal exposure concentrations of PM2.5, NO2 and O3 in each microenvironment across the participants; and (d) the relationship of ambient PM2.5, NO2 and O3 concentrations between fixed-site monitor (FSM) and the residence location
Summary
Adverse health effects of air pollution are a major public health issue globally. The. World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that over 80% of the population living in urban areas breathes where the air quality does not meet the WHO guidelines [1]. Exposure to air pollution is related to numerous types of health damage. Exposure to daily PM2.5 concentrations has a causal relationship with cardiovascular illnesses and premature mortality [2]. There is a causal relationship between short-term exposure to 1 h NO2 concentrations and respiratory disease outcomes [3]. Exposure to an 8 h daily maximum ambient O3 concentration is causally associated with respiratory illness [4]
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