Abstract
The growing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) represents an operational challenge to system operators, mainly at the distribution level by introducing congestion and voltage drop problems. To solve these potential problems, a two-level coordination approach is proposed in this study. An aggregation entity, i.e., an EV virtual power plant (EV-VPP), is used to facilitate the interaction between the distribution system operator (DSO) and EV owners considering the decentralized electricity market structure. In level I, to prevent the line congestion and voltage drop problems, the EV-VPP internally respects the line and voltage constraints when making optimal charging schedules. In level II, to avoid power transformer congestion problems, this paper investigates three different coordination mechanisms, or power transformer capacity allocation mechanisms, between the DSO and the EV-VPPs, considering the case of EVs charging and discharging. The three mechanisms include: (1) a market-based approach; (2) a pro-rata approach; and (3) a newly-proposed constrained market-based approach. A case study considering a 37-bus distribution network and high penetration of electric vehicles is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed coordination mechanism, comparing with the existing ones.
Highlights
The growing availability of electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles offered by the most significant car manufactures implies a high penetration of EVs in the near future
The study assumes that of the reactive power is supplied by the capacitor banks that are connected to the secondary side of the all of the reactive power is supplied by the capacitor banks that are connected to the secondary side power transformers
One of the most important impacts are the congestion situations created by high EV charge demands during specific periods of the day
Summary
The growing availability of electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (both denoted as EVs in this paper) offered by the most significant car manufactures implies a high penetration of EVs in the near future. Several terms have been proposed and used concerning the entity including “virtual power plants”, “virtual power players”, “aggregators”, or “fleet operators”. These proposed entities have the purpose of coordinating the charge and the discharge processes of the EVs with the goal of optimizing the operation costs and, at the same time, avoiding network problems. A two-level coordination approach is proposed to integrate electric vehicles into the power distribution system, with focus on coordination mechanisms used in level II. In level II, to avoid power transformer congestion problems, three different coordination mechanisms of managing the HV/MV power transformer congestion between the DSO and the EV-VPP entities are studied and compared.
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