Abstract
Sustainable transport typically requires a broad spectrum of policy measures, with responsibilities shared by different authorities and with various public values competed with each other, such as commuting, health, spatial quality, and economic development. Designing and implementing integrated policy packages, with consideration for the interdependencies between measures and actors is a promising approach and thus an interesting research topic. A large part of the literature on transport policy looks at separate measures and their effects. These measures in reality always work in constellation with other measures and understanding their dependencies in a way to create synergies through packaging has been the topic of theoretical discussions. However, empirical research on policy packaging is sorely lacking. In this paper, we examine the implementation process of packaging of TM measures from the perspective of actors and their distinct roles and interactions. The data is collected by document analysis and interviews with officers in a Chinese city. Several major problems threatening the implementation of policy packaging are detected, including overlooking implementation at district-level, resource competition between measures, and the absence of integrative supervision. It provides a first answer to the discrepancy occurring in the promise of real-world crafting of well-integrated policies for sustainable mobility.
Highlights
Sustainable urban transport has been developed with a wide range of measures for transport management (TM) (Bam berg & Schmidt, 2001; Eriksson, Garvill, & Nordlund, 2008; Garling & Schuitema, 2007), as researchers and policy makers have understood that facilitating demand by building more infrastructure cannot suc cessfully deal with “wicked” transport problems nor contribute to the achievement of a sustainable transport transition (Rittel & Webber, 1973)
As this study focuses on the roles and actions of govern ment authorities, five major roles are identified in the TM packaging process: policy principals, designers, implementers, sponsors and super visors
We examined first whether the outcomes of TM packaging was satisfactory; we identified obstacles for packaging and integration and how the eventual effect of the process could be explained by the level of success of policy packaging and other possible explanations
Summary
Sustainable urban transport has been developed with a wide range of measures for transport management (TM) (Bam berg & Schmidt, 2001; Eriksson, Garvill, & Nordlund, 2008; Garling & Schuitema, 2007), as researchers and policy makers have understood that facilitating demand by building more infrastructure cannot suc cessfully deal with “wicked” transport problems nor contribute to the achievement of a sustainable transport transition (Rittel & Webber, 1973). Doremus, 2003; Givoni, Macmillen, Banister, & Fei telson, 2013; Taylor, Nozick, & Meyburg, 1997), the effectiveness of the approach is poorly examined and policy makers have a poor understanding of what TM packaging means, and lack a clear perspective on how to apply it. Existing research on policy packaging mainly focuses on its building blocks (Rogge, Kern, & Howlett, 2017) and ideal packaging process in a more theoretical way (Justen, Fearnley, Givoni, & Macmillen, 2014), and the optimization of measures integration in the design phase (Tuominen, Tapio, Varho, Jarvi, & Banister, 2014), but empirical research on the implementation of packaging is still rare. There are rich studies on the imple mentation of various types of policy, the unique characteristics and specific problems of implementing TM packaging demand attention
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