Abstract
Intelligent integration of decentralised energy resources, local storage and direct consumption are key factors in achieving the transformation of the energy system. In this study, we present a modular simulation concept that allows the planning of decentralised energy systems for buildings and building blocks. In comparison to related studies, we use a simulation model for energy planning with a high time-resolution from the perspective of the energy system planner. In this study, we address the challenges of the grid connection in combination with an increasing number of electric vehicles (EV) in the future. The here developed model is applied for an innovative building block in Germany with a photovoltaic (PV) system, a combined heat and power (CHP) unit, battery storage and electric vehicles. The results of the simulation are validated with real-life data to illustrate the practical relevance and show that our simulation model is able to support the planning of decentralised energy systems. We demonstrate that without anticipating future electric vehicle charging, the system configurations could be sub-optimal if complete self-sufficiency is the objective: in our case study, the rate of self-sufficiency of the net-zero energy building will be lowered from 100% to 91% if considering electric vehicles. Furthermore, our simulation shows that a peak minimising operation strategy with a battery can prevent grid overloads caused by EV charging in the future. Simulating different battery operation strategies can further help to implement the most useful strategy, without interruption of the current operation.
Highlights
To show the benefit of model simulation for the planning and operation of decentralised energy systems, and to validate the here presented modelling approach, we introduce duce the following study conducted within project the following case case study that that waswas conducted within thethe project
The results of our study show that model simulation can support the planning and operation of decentralised energy systems
The load simulation results show that the decentralised energy system, with its 33 kWel combined heat and power (CHP) system and a 20 kW PV
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The transformation includes increasing use of renewable energy sources, which is accompanied by decentralisation of energy production and storage. This trend allows a more active participation of formerly passive energy consumers, which in turn leads to the necessity of more integrated planning of energy systems and building development. This development is further driven by the EU Directive on Energy
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