Abstract
ABSTRACTIntroduction: During the past two decades, payments for ecosystem services (PES) program has become a popular conservation paradigm for realigning socioeconomic costs and benefits among different stakeholders. As billions of investment flows into the natural capital pool, there is growing interest to understand the ecological, economic, and social outcomes of PES programs. China is one of the countries that extensively implements PES programs. Although there is a growing interest to perform impact evaluation of China’s massive PES programs, it is unclear that what existing literature has done, has not done, and should do in the future. Therefore, to guide further research and practices, we conduct a systematic review of studies on China’s PES programs.Results: Our review shows that there are growing impact evaluation studies of PES programs in China. However, the spatial and ecosystem distributions of existing studies are quite uneven. Most case studies were poorly designed, rarely quantified, and evaluated without sophisticated methods. Among the three dimensions of ecological effectiveness, economic efficiency, and social equity, economic efficiency is the least studied.Discussion and Conclusion: We further discuss the challenges and opportunities and provide insights for future research. To improve the understanding and management of natural capital, we call for mainstreaming impact evaluation of ecosystem service policies in China and beyond following the state-of-art procedures.
Highlights
During the past two decades, payments for ecosystem services (PES) program has become a popular conservation paradigm for realigning socioeconomic costs and benefits among different stakeholders
As billions of investment flows into the natural capital pool, there is growing interest to understand the ecological, economic, and social outcomes of PES programs
There is a growing interest to perform impact evaluation of China’s massive PES programs, it is unclear that what existing literature has done, has not done, and should do in the future
Summary
During the past two decades, payments for ecosystem services (PES) program has become a popular conservation paradigm for realigning socioeconomic costs and benefits among different stakeholders. As billions of investment flows into the natural capital pool, there is growing interest to understand the ecological, economic, and social outcomes of PES programs. As billions of investment flows into the natural capital pool, there is growing interest to understand the ecological, economic, and social outcomes of PES programs (Ferraro and Pattanayak 2006; Baylis et al 2016; Ouyang et al 2016). There are scattered PES case studies that evaluate the ecological, economic, and social outcomes at various scales. Their case study in the Nyungwe National Park in Rwanda suggested that the ecological effectiveness of studied PES program depended on the equitable distribution of payments, the legitimacy and fairness of institutions, participants’ belief and acceptance of the paid ecosystem services, as well as the complementary nature of PES to conventional enforcement methods
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