Abstract
Upset emissions occur during plant startup, shutdown, maintenance, malfunction, and flaring incidents. A wide range of these upsets cannot be managed by standalone control systems; plant personnel intervention is necessary sometimes. The methods needed to assist plant personnel to control and prevent abnormal process operations are gathered under abnormal situation management. Abnormal operations that lead to flare have significant economic, environmental, and safety impacts. Flaring is necessary for managing process upsets, however, it leads to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), causing negative social impacts and local transient air pollution. In addition, excessive flaring results in energy and raw material losses. These are valuable commodities that must be sustained. Therefore, flare minimization during normal and abnormal operational situations has great environmental, industrial, and societal benefits. It is not possible to quantify the impacts without und...
Published Version
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