Abstract
Adequate selection of the electrode surface and the strategies for its modification to enable subsequent immobilization of biomolecules and/or nanomaterials integration play a major role in the performance of electrochemical affinity biosensors. Because of the simplicity, rapidity and versatility, electrografting using diazonium salt reduction is among the most currently used functionalization methods to provide the attachment of an organic layer to a conductive substrate. This particular chemistry has demonstrated to be a powerful tool to covalently immobilize in a stable and reproducible way a wide range of biomolecules or nanomaterials onto different electrode surfaces. Considering the great progress and interesting features arisen in the last years, this paper outlines the potential of diazonium chemistry to prepare single or multianalyte electrochemical affinity biosensors on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) and points out the existing challenges and future directions in this field.
Highlights
Preparation of electrochemical affinity biosensors by immobilization of appropriate bioreceptors onto an electrode platform implies the selection of the electrode material and the methods for immobilization as key steps to achieve the desired final performance [1,2,3]
The combination of the screen-printed electrodes ability for multiplexing with the versatility, simplicity, speed and capability offered by electrografting methodology to individually functionalize each working electrode opens up substantial possibilities for the massive fabrication of integrated electroanalytical bioplatforms for the simultaneous determination of biomarkers of the same or different molecular level
Was modified with 4-nitrophenyl groups assembled from 4-nitrophenyl diazonium salt and, the nitro groups were electrochemically reduced to amines followed by activation with glutaraldehyde for covalently bind ochratoxin A (OTA) antibodies
Summary
Preparation of electrochemical affinity biosensors by immobilization of appropriate bioreceptors onto an electrode platform implies the selection of the electrode material and the methods for immobilization as key steps to achieve the desired final performance [1,2,3]. Immobilization of biorecognition components and nanomaterials onto these planar and disposable surfaces pre-functionalized with electrografted diazonium salts has been widely reported in the latest years to develop competitive integrated affinity biosensing platforms (Figure 1). The combination of the screen-printed electrodes ability for multiplexing with the versatility, simplicity, speed and capability offered by electrografting methodology to individually functionalize each working electrode opens up substantial possibilities for the massive fabrication of integrated electroanalytical bioplatforms for the simultaneous determination of biomarkers of the same or different molecular level These very interesting advantages have led to the fact that in recent years.
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