Abstract
Nanotechnology is becoming increasingly important in the field of (bio)sensors. The performance and sensitivity of electrochemical biosensors can be greatly improved by the integration of nanomaterials into their construction. In this sense, carbon nanomaterials have been widely used for preparation of biosensors due to their ability to enhance electron-transfer kinetics, high surface-to-volume ratios, and biocompatibility. Fullerenes are a very promising family of carbon nanomaterials and have attracted great interest in recent years in the design of novel biosensing systems due to fullerenes’ exceptional properties. These include multiple redox states, stability in many redox forms, easy functionalization and signal mediation. This paper outlines the state-of-the-art and future directions in the use and functionalization of fullerene-C60 and its derivatives, both as electrode modifiers and advanced labels in electrochemical catalytic and affinity biosensors through selected applications.
Highlights
The current demands for reliable electrochemical biosensing require the development of sensingplatforms exhibiting large surface area to allow for the high loading of capture molecules, good biocompatibility for biological activity preservation, and excellent conductivity for electron transportation [1].In this context, carbon nanomaterials have attracted great interest because of the structural differences in their various allotropes (e.g., graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene, diamond, diamond-like carbon (DLC)) and their wide variety of structurally dependent electronic and electrochemical properties [2]
We overview the main strategies reported for fullerene functionalization and significant and illustrative applications in the preparation of different types of electrochemical biosensors ranging from catalytic to affinity biosensors, when the nanomaterials are used as electrode modifiers, nanocarriers, and redox nanoprobes
The following subsections show as C60 and their derivatives have been used as electrode modifiers in the design of electrochemical affinity biosensors [1,5,11,12,24,36,37,38], as well as nanocarriers [15,17,19], and redox nanoprobes [15]
Summary
The current demands for reliable electrochemical biosensing require the development of sensing (bio)platforms exhibiting large surface area to allow for the high loading of capture molecules, good biocompatibility for biological activity preservation, and excellent conductivity for electron transportation [1] In this context, carbon nanomaterials have attracted great interest because of the structural differences in their various allotropes (e.g., graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene, diamond, diamond-like carbon (DLC)) (see Figure 1) and their wide variety of structurally dependent electronic and electrochemical properties [2]. Carbon nanomaterials cover a broad range of structures: zero-dimensional (fullerenes, diamond clusters), one-dimensional (nanotubes), two-dimensional (graphene), and three-dimensional (nanocrystalline diamond, fullerite) structures [3] Carbon nanomaterials such as multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and fullerene (C60 ) offer great versatility in terms of facile modification by functional groups, high carrier capacity incorporating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, biocompatibility, relatively wide potential window, low background current, electrocatalytic capability for a variety of redox reactions, and high chemical stability [3,4]. Allowing operation at lower potentials, reducing the interferences from electroactive compounds [6].in Electrochemical Biosensing
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