Intake and digestion of formaldehyde-treated red clover silages offered to calves either alone or with a urea supplement

Abstract

SUMMARYIn a 3 × 3 latin-square design experiment, 12 British Friesian steer calves with rumen cannulae were offered three red clover silages to appetite, either alone or with a urea supplement of 18.9 g/kg total dietary dry matter (D.M.). The silages were prepared from a second cut of red clover using additives of 2·11 formic acid/t fresh crop together with formaldehyde at 0, 31 or 123 g/kg crude protein (CP) in the crop.The control silage was well preserved, as indicated by a low content of volatile fatty acids and ammonia N. Formaldehyde treatment generally restricted silage fermentation, although there was an increase in the content of butyric acid at the intermediate level of application, and an increase in 2, 3-butanediol content at the high level of application. A decline in ammonia-N content and an increase in insoluble-N content, with increasing level of formaldehyde application, indicated that formaldehyde had been effective in reducing protein degradation in the silages.Formaldehyde treatment depressed intake, the apparent digestibility of D.M., organic matter (OM), N, cellulose and energy, and N retention, the effect being particularly evident at the high level of application. Behavioural observations showed an increase in eating time on the formaldehyde-treated silages. Urea supplementation increased intake of the formaldehyde-treated silages, but did not influence intake of the control silage, and increased N retention on all silage diets. Apart from an improvement in apparent N digestibility, urea supplementation did not influence the digestibility of other dietary components.Within the rumen, formaldehyde treatment reduced ammonia-N concentration and the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate, and increased the molar proportion of acetate. The rate of D.M. and cellulose disappearance from treatment silages suspended in the rumen in nylon bags was reduced by formaldehyde treatment, the effect being most evident at the high level of formaldehyde application. A similar effect on rate of D.M. disappearance was observed when the control silage was placed in nylon bags, indicating that the adverse effect of formaldehyde was probably due to an effect on the rumen environment. Urea supplementation increased rumen ammonia-N concentrations, although this effect was not as great on the high formaldehyde silage, and increased the rate of D.M. and cellulose disappearance from silage in nylon bags.It appears that the lower intake and the poorer utilization of dietary N on the high formaldehyde silage may have been due to a reduction in the rate of digestion within the rumen. While there was some response to urea supplementation, it could not restore the apparent rate of digestion in the rumen to levels observed on the control diet. Hence, factors other than the supply of rumen-degradable N in the diet must have been responsible for the depression of digestion within the rumen.