Insulin resistance in the regulation of lipolysis and ketone body metabolism in non-insulin dependent diabetes is apparent at very low insulin concentrations

Abstract

The insulin sensitivity of intermediary metabolism was studied in 8 non-obese men with well-controlled diet-treated non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) using a low dose incremental insulin infusion (basal, 0.005 and 0.01 U/kg h −1). Results were compared to 8 healthy male control subjects matched (NIDDM vs. controls, mean ± S.E.M.) for age (56 ± 3 vs. 54 ±3 years, NS) and body mass index (24.6 ± 0.7 vs. 25.3 ± 0.5 kg/m 2, NS). Basal fasting concentrations of insulin (4.7 ± 0.8 vs. 3.2 ± 0.8 mU/l, NS), glucose, total ketone bodies (TKB), and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were not significantly different between the groups but glycerol concentrations were significantly elevated in NIDDM patients (0.072 ± 0.007 vs. 0.049 ± 0.003 mmol/l, P < 0.05). During incremental insulin infusion, plasma insulin concentrations rose to 12.8 ± 1.5 vs. 10.0 ± 1.0 mU/l in NIDDM patients vs. control and metabolite concentrations fell significantly ( P < 0.001). Significant linear dose-response relationships were found between plasma insulin (log) and glucose, TKB (log), NEFA, and glycerol concentrations by analysis of variance applied to regression (all P < 0.001). For glucose and TKB (log), the group regression lines were parallel but were significantly right-shifted in the NIDDM group ( P < 0.001). In contrast, the relationships of insulin (log) and both glycerol and NEFA concentrations converged over the observed range of insulin concentrations. Significant displacement of glycerol and NEFA dose-response relationships were found in NIDDM patients at an insulin concentration of 5 mU/l ( P < 0.001) but not at 12.5 mU/l. These results indicate that even in non-obese NIDDM patients with normalised fasting glucose concentrations, abnormalities persist in the insulin sensitivity of multiple aspects of intermediary metabolism but abnormal glycerol and NEFA regulation was evident only at very low insulin concentrations.