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Abstract
In aphids there is a fecundity-dispersal trade-off between wingless and winged morphs. Recent research on the molecular mechanism of wing morphs associated with dispersal reveals that insulin receptors in the insulin signaling (IS) pathway regulate alternation of wing morphs in planthoppers. However, little is known about whether genes in the IS pathway are involved in developmental regulation in aphid nymphs with different wing morphs. In this study, we show that expression of the insulin-related peptide 5 gene (Apirp5) affects biochemical composition and embryo development of wingless pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum. After comparing expression levels of major genes in the IS pathway between third instar winged and wingless nymphs, we found that Apirp5 showed higher expression in head and thorax in the wingless nymphs than in the winged nymphs. Although microinjection treatment affects physical performance in aphids, nymphs with RNA interference of Apirp5 had less weight, smaller embryos, and higher carbohydrate and protein contents compared to the control group. Comparison between winged and wingless nymphs showed a similar trend. These results indicate that Apirp5 is involved in embryo development and metabolic regulation in wing dimorphic pea aphid.
Highlights
Fecundity-dispersal trade-offs strongly drive the life-history evolution of insects with wing polyphenism
By comparing the products of real-time PCR with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, we confirmed that the fragments amplified for all selected genes of A. pisum clone in this study were the same as sequences retrieved from pea aphid genome
The third instar is the earliest phase in which winged nymphs could be identified, so the expressions of insulin related genes in the insulin signaling (IS) pathway were compared between the third instar nymphs with different wing morphs
Summary
Fecundity-dispersal trade-offs strongly drive the life-history evolution of insects with wing polyphenism. Because of their short lifespan, allocation of limited nutritional resources differs for insects that engage in optimal reproduction or long-distance migration. Active dispersal can decrease the fecundity of insects (Bonte et al, 2012), whereas reproduction may limit migration during a lifecycle. The molecular mechanism governing the wing morph has been revealed for the migratory brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens); two insulin receptors in the insulin signaling (IS) pathway play a regulatory role in governing wing morph determination (Xu et al, 2015). Very little is known about the molecular mechanism of developmental and physiological changes in nymphs with wing polyphenism
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