Abstract
Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, heavy metals, variations in temperature, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, are antagonistic to plant growth and development, resulting in an overall decrease in plant yield. These stresses have direct effects on the rhizosphere, thus severely affect the root growth, and thereby affecting the overall plant growth, health, and productivity. However, the growth-promoting rhizobacteria that colonize the rhizosphere/endorhizosphere protect the roots from the adverse effects of abiotic stress and facilitate plant growth by various direct and indirect mechanisms. In the rhizosphere, plants are constantly interacting with thousands of these microorganisms, yet it is not very clear when and how these complex root, rhizosphere, and rhizobacteria interactions occur under abiotic stresses. Therefore, the present review attempts to focus on root–rhizosphere and rhizobacterial interactions under stresses, how roots respond to these interactions, and the role of rhizobacteria under these stresses. Further, the review focuses on the underlying mechanisms employed by rhizobacteria for improving root architecture and plant tolerance to abiotic stresses.
Highlights
Stress is any environmental factor that can adversely affect plant growth and development and decrease the final yield
We summarize and discuss the current understanding of root–rhizosphere and rhizobacterial interactions to abiotic stresses
Soil microbiomes and especially rhizobacteria possess different mechanisms by which they improve soil health, root growth, and the tolerance of plants to various abiotic stresses. The ability of these bacteria to survive under abiotic stresses makes them a brilliant candidate for sustainable agriculture
Summary
Stress is any environmental factor that can adversely affect plant growth and development and decrease the final yield. Rhizobacteria that inhabit the rhizosphere alleviate the influences of abiotic stresses on stresses on plants throughofa different number of different mechanisms, which includeinalterations plants through a number mechanisms, which include alterations phytohorinmone phytohormone levels, adjustments, metabolic adjustments, defenses,exopolysaccharides bacterial exopolylevels, metabolic antioxidantantioxidant defenses, bacterial saccharides (EPS), andand protecting andthe improving the root growth. These microorganisms (EPS), and protecting improving root growth. We elucidate the role of rhizobacteria under abiotic stresses and evaluate the strategies of rhizobacteria for improving root growth and plant tolerance mechanisms
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