Insights into the Antibacterial Activity of Prolactin-Inducible Protein against the Standard and Environmental MDR Bacterial Strains.

Mohd Yousuf,Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali,Dharmendra Kumar Yadav,Md Imtaiyaz Hassan,Farah Anjum,Parvez Khan,Alaa Shafie,Asghar Ali,Qazi Mohd Rizwanul Haque,Asimul Islam

doi:10.3390/microorganisms10030597

Mohd Yousuf, Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali + Show 8 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030597

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Abstract

Background: Prolactin inducible protein (PIP) is a small secretary glycoprotein present in most biological fluids and contributes to various cellular functions, including cell growth, fertility, antitumor, and antifungal activities. Objectives: The present study evaluated the antibacterial activities of recombinant PIP against multiple broad-spectrum MDR bacterial strains. Methods: The PIP gene was cloned, expressed and purified using affinity chromatography. Disk diffusion, broth microdilution, and growth kinetic assays were used to determine the antibacterial activities of PIP. Results: Disk diffusion assay showed that PIP has a minimum and maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively, compared to the reference drug ampicillin. Furthermore, growth kinetics studies also suggested that PIP significantly inhibited the growth of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentration of PIP was 32 µg/mL for E. coli (443), a standard bacterial strain, and 64 µg/mL for Bacillus sp. (LG1), an environmental multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain. The synergistic studies of PIP with ampicillin showed better efficacies towards selected bacterial strains having MDR properties. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that PIP has a broad range of antibacterial activities with important implications in alleviating MDR problems.

Highlights

IntroductionIntroduction iationsInnate immunity plays an important role in human health [1]. During infection, injury, and disease conditions, the metabolism or nutritional homeostasis of the body is disturbed, involving various signaling pathways and secondary messenger molecules [2,3]
The results showed a substantial increment in the antibacterial activity of Prolactin inducible protein (PIP) against E
The antibacterial activities of PIP were evaluated against a broad spectrum of bacterial strains

Summary

Introduction

Introduction iationsInnate immunity plays an important role in human health [1]. During infection, injury, and disease conditions, the metabolism or nutritional homeostasis of the body is disturbed, involving various signaling pathways and secondary messenger molecules [2,3]. Innate immune responses protect our body through various alterations such as modulating membrane composition, antioxidants or cellular redox levels, and cytokines production [4,5]. The innate immune system provides the first line of defense mechanism against different types of bacteria by secreting multiple types of defense proteins and peptide molecules such as lysozyme, secretary leucoprotease, and lactoferrins that kill or inhibit bacterial growth [6]. The effector molecules are low-molecular-weight peptides and work as multifunctional molecules; one such small protein is a prolactin-inducible protein (PIP), found in different body secretions, where it controls bacterial growth and binds to several. Prolactin inducible protein (PIP) is a small secretary glycoprotein present in most biological fluids and contributes to various cellular functions, including cell growth, fertility, antitumor, and antifungal activities. Broth microdilution, and growth kinetic assays were used to determine the antibacterial activities of PIP

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