Synthesis and characterization of ZnO phytonanocomposite using Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Loganiaceae) and antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains from diabetic foot ulcer

Abstract

Nanobiotechnology has been emerged as an efficient technology for the development of antimicrobial nanoparticles through an eco-friendly approach. In this study, green synthesized phytonanocomposite of ZnO from Strychnos nux-vomica leaf aqueous extract was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), UV–visible-spectroscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Antibacterial activity was investigated against multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) isolated from diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), such as MDR–methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), MDR–Escherichia coli, MDR–Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MDR–Acinetobacter baumannii, as well as against standard bacterial strains, S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and E. faecalis ATCC 29212 through disc diffusion assays on Muller Hinton Agar. The characterization studies revealed a size-controlled synthesis of quasi-spherical hexagonal wurtzite structured ZnO phytonanocomposite with an average size of 15.52 nm. Additionally, remarkable bactericidal activities against MDR clinical as well as ATCC bacterial strains were exhibited, with a maximum zone of inhibition of 22.33 ± 1.53 mm (against S. aureus ATCC 29213) and 22.33 ± 1.16 mm (MDR–MRSA) at a concentration of 400 µg/mL. This study thus established the possibility of developing antimicrobial ZnO nanocomposite of Strychnos nux-vomica leaf extract to combat developing drug resistance currently being experienced in health care facilities.