Insights into Hildebrand Solubility Parameters - Contributions from Cohesive Energies or Electrophilicity Densities?

Abstract

We introduce certain concepts and expressions from conceptual density functional theory (DFT) to study the properties of the Hildebrand solubility parameter. The original form of the Hildebrand solubility parameter is used to qualitatively estimate solubilities for various apolar and aprotic substances and solvents and is based on the square root of the cohesive energy density. Our results show that a revised expression allows the replacement of cohesive energy densities by electrophilicity densities, which are numerically accessible by simple DFT calculations. As an extension, the reformulated expression provides a deeper interpretation of the main contributions and, in particular, emphasizes the importance of charge transfer mechanisms. All calculated values of the Hildebrand parameters for a large number of common solvents are compared with experimental values and show good agreement for non- or moderately polar aprotic solvents in agreement with the original formulation of the Hildebrand solubility parameters. The observed deviations for more polar and protic solvents define robust limits from the original formulation which remain valid. Likewise, we show that the use of machine learning methods leads to only slightly better predictability.