Abstract
Diphtheria toxin (DT) inhibits eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2) by ADP-ribosylation in a fashion that requires diphthamide, a modified histidine residue on eEF2. In budding yeast, diphthamide formation involves seven genes, DPH1-DPH7. In an effort to further study diphthamide synthesis and interrelation among the Dph proteins, we found, by expression in E. coli and co-immune precipitation in yeast, that Dph1 and Dph2 interact and that they form a complex with Dph3. Protein-protein interaction mapping shows that Dph1-Dph3 complex formation can be dissected by progressive DPH1 gene truncations. This identifies N- and C-terminal domains on Dph1 that are crucial for diphthamide synthesis, DT action and cytotoxicity of sordarin, another microbial eEF2 inhibitor. Intriguingly, dph1 truncation mutants are sensitive to overexpression of DPH5, the gene necessary to synthesize diphthine from the first diphthamide pathway intermediate produced by Dph1-Dph3. This is in stark contrast to dph6 mutants, which also lack the ability to form diphthamide but are resistant to growth inhibition by excess Dph5 levels. As judged from site-specific mutagenesis, the amidation reaction itself relies on a conserved ATP binding domain in Dph6 that, when altered, blocks diphthamide formation and confers resistance to eEF2 inhibition by sordarin.
Highlights
Diphthamide (2-[3-carboxyamido-3-(trimethylamino)-propyl]-histidine) is an unusual modified histidine residue in eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2
Studies in yeast have proved very useful for investigating diphthamide synthesis, which operates through a multi-step pathway that involves seven genes (DPH1-DPH7) [2,3,4,5,6]
In a further effort to study diphthamide formation in yeast and analyze interrelationships among individual components of the pathway required for diphthamide synthesis, we examine here genetic as well as biochemical interactions between the products of the DPH1, DPH2, DPH3, DPH5 and
Summary
Diphthamide (2-[3-carboxyamido-3-(trimethylamino)-propyl]-histidine) is an unusual modified histidine residue in eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2). Studies in yeast have proved very useful for investigating diphthamide synthesis, which operates through a multi-step pathway that involves seven genes (DPH1-DPH7) [2,3,4,5,6] It starts with the transfer of the 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the imidazole ring of His699 on eEF2 (Figure 1). The intermediate diphthine is a very weak substrate for inhibitory ADP-ribosylation [14] Another eEF2 inhibitor, sordarin, which unlike DT blocks the eEF2-ribosome complex in yeast and fungi, is dependent on diphthamide formation on eEF2. In a further effort to study diphthamide formation in yeast and analyze interrelationships among individual components of the pathway required for diphthamide synthesis, we examine here genetic as well as biochemical interactions between the products of the DPH1, DPH2, DPH3, DPH5 and DPH6 genes
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