Abstract
Pani heloch (Antidesma montanum) is traditionally used to treat innumerable diseases and is a source of wild vegetables for the management of different pathological conditions. The present study explored the qualitative phytochemicals; quantitative phenol and flavonoid contents; in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and thrombolytic effects; and in vivo antipyretic and analgesic properties of the methanol extract of A. montanum leaves in different experimental models. The extract exhibited secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, flavanols, phytosterols, cholesterols, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides, fixed oils, emodines, coumarins, resins, and tannins. Besides, Pani heloch showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 99.00 µg/mL), while a moderate percentage of clot lysis (31.56%) in human blood and significant anti-inflammatory activity (p < 0.001) was achieved with the standard. Moreover, the analgesic and antipyretic properties appeared to trigger a significant response (p < 0.001) relative to in the control group. Besides, an in silico study of carpusin revealed favorable protein-binding affinities. Furthermore, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity analysis and toxicological properties of all isolated compounds adopted Lipinski’s rule of five for drug-like potential and level of toxicity. Our research unveiled that the methanol extract of A. montanum leaves exhibited secondary metabolites that are a good source for managing inflammation, pyrexia, pain, and cellular toxicity. Computational approaches and further studies are required to identify the possible mechanism which responsible for the biological effects.
Highlights
Natural medicinal plants are extensively used across the world in the prevention of chronic diseases, including mild to moderate and severe illnesses [1]
The qualitative phytochemical screening of methanol extract of A. montanum (MEAM) leaves revealed the presence of secondary metabolites—notably, alkaloids, flavonoids and flavanols, phytosterols, cholesterols, phenols and polyphenols, terpenoids, fatty acids, gums and mucilages, glycosides, fixed oils, emodines, coumarins, resins, and tannins (Table 1)
A. montanum (Pani heloch) leaves exhibited the presence of secondary metabolites—notably, flavanols, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, emodines, glycosides, coumarins, cholesterols, resins, tannins, gums and mucilages, phytosterols, fatty acids, and fixed oils [28]
Summary
Natural medicinal plants are extensively used across the world in the prevention of chronic diseases, including mild to moderate and severe illnesses [1]. Living cells (i.e., DNA, RNA, protein, and lipids) are impaired due to the overproduction of free radicals, which play an important role in the generation of various chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, ischemic stroke, cancer, and other neurodegenerative diseases [4]. Antioxidants play a vital role in either scavenging or decreasing the development of free radicals so as to support recovery from numerous diseases [5]. Many diseases and injuries are marked by the onset of pain and fever [6], yet pain, pyrexia, and inflammation can develop individually with different physiological responses [7]
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