Insecticide resistance in the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi from Khartoum State, Sudan.

Mo'Awia Mukhtar Hassan,Mona Siddig Mohammed Numiary,Osman Mohieldin Osman,Sally Osman Widaa,Hind Mohammed Abushama,Mihad Abdelaal Ibrahim

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-46

Mo'Awia Mukhtar Hassan, Mona Siddig Mohammed Numiary + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-5-46

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Abstract

BackgroundPhlebotomus papatasi the vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most widely spread sand fly in Sudan. No data has previously been collected on insecticide susceptibility and/or resistance of this vector, and a first study to establish a baseline data is reported here.MethodsSand flies were collected from Surogia village, (Khartoum State), Rahad Game Reserve (eastern Sudan) and White Nile area (Central Sudan) using light traps. Sand flies were reared in the Tropical Medicine Research Institute laboratory. The insecticide susceptibility status of first progeny (F1) of P. papatasi of each population was tested using WHO insecticide kits. Also, P. papatasi specimens from Surogia village and Rahad Game Reserve were assayed for activities of enzyme systems involved in insecticide resistance (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), non-specific carboxylesterases (EST), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (Cyt p450).ResultsPopulations of P. papatasi from White Nile and Rahad Game Reserve were sensitive to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), permethrin, malathion, and propoxur. However, the P. papatasi population from Surogia village was sensitive to DDT and permethrin but highly resistant to malathion and propoxur. Furthermore, P. papatasi of Surogia village had significantly higher insecticide detoxification enzyme activity than of those of Rahad Game Reserve. The sand fly population in Surogia displayed high AChE activity and only three specimens had elevated levels for EST and GST.ConclusionsThe study provided evidence for malathion and propoxur resistance in the sand fly population of Surogia village, which probably resulted from anti-malarial control activities carried out in the area during the past 50 years.

Highlights

Phlebotomus papatasi the vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most widely spread sand fly in Sudan
The study provided evidence for malathion and propoxur resistance in the sand fly population of Surogia village, which probably resulted from anti-malarial control activities carried out in the area during the past 50 years
Phlebotomus papatasi from the Rahad Game Reserve and White Nile area populations were fully susceptible to permethrin, DDT, malathion and propoxur with a mortality level of 100%

Summary

Introduction

Phlebotomus papatasi the vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most widely spread sand fly in Sudan. Leishmaniasis is a vector borne disease caused by a parasite of genus Leishmania. It is considered as a major public health problem, 88th in the world causing morbidity and mortality [1]. The disease causes serious economic loss and impedes socioeconomic development in many countries [1]. Leishmaniasis is an endemic disease spread over a wide geographical area in Sudan [2,3]. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) occurs in a fluctuating pattern in the country mainly in the west, central and northern parts of Sudan [2].

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