Abstract
Cellular metabolism depends on the appropriate concentration of intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi). Pi starvation-responsive genes appear to be involved in multiple metabolic pathways, implying a complex Pi regulation system in microorganisms and plants. A group of enzymes is required for absorption and maintenance of adequate phosphate levels, which is released from phosphate esters and anhydrides. The phosphatase system is particularly suited for the study of regulatory mechanisms because phosphatase activity is easily measured using specific methods and the difference between the repressed and derepressed levels of phosphatase activity is easily detected. This paper analyzes the protein phosphatase system induced during phosphate starvation in different organisms.
Highlights
Regulation of cellular processes, such as cellular differentiation, proliferation, cell death, mobility, metabolism, survival, and organization of the cytoskeleton, in response to some stimuli is fundamental to all aspects of cell life [1,2,3,4]
The purpose of this paper is to summarize the regulation of phosphatases by inorganic phosphate, with an emphasis on the role of these enzymes in cell biology
The cell acquisition, storage, release, and metabolic integration of Pi requires the participation of many essential enzymes such as extracellular acid phosphatases (APases), phosphodiesterases, Pi transporters, polyphosphate kinases, alkaline phosphatases (ALPases), and endopolyphosphatases [19,20,21]
Summary
Regulation of cellular processes, such as cellular differentiation, proliferation, cell death, mobility, metabolism, survival, and organization of the cytoskeleton, in response to some stimuli is fundamental to all aspects of cell life [1,2,3,4]. Processes that are reversibly controlled by protein phosphorylation require both a protein kinase and a protein phosphatase [5,6,7]. In the last decade was it realized that protein phosphatases are regulated by a variety of mechanisms and are of no less importance to cellular physiology than protein kinases [8]. Phosphorus, in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi), is one of the most important macronutrients for all organisms [7, 10,11,12,13] It is used in the biosynthesis of cellular components, such as ATP, nucleic acids, phospholipids, and proteins, but it is involved in many metabolic pathways, including energy transfer, protein activation, and carbon and amino acid metabolic processes [14]. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the regulation of phosphatases by inorganic phosphate, with an emphasis on the role of these enzymes in cell biology
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