Abstract
Waste management is necessary for environmental and economic sustainability, but it depends upon socioeconomic, political, and environmental factors. More countries are shifting toward recycling as compared to landfilling; thus, different researchers have presented the zero waste concept, considering the importance of sustainability. This review was conducted to provide information about different well established and new/emerging technologies which could be used to recover nutrients from wastes and bring zero waste concepts in practical life. Technologies can be broadly divided into the triangle of nutrient accumulation, extraction, and release. Physicochemical mechanisms, plants, and microorganisms (algae and prokaryotic) could be used to accumulate nutrients. Extraction of nutrient is possible through electrodialysis and crystallization while nutrient release can occur via thermochemical and biochemical treatments. Primary nutrients, i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, are used globally and are non-renewable. Augmented upsurges in prices of inorganic fertilizers and required discharge restrictions on nutrients have stimulated technological developments. Thus, well-proven technologies, such as biochar, composting, vermicomposting, composting with biochar, pyrolysis, and new emerging technologies (forward osmosis and electro-dialysis) have potential to recover nutrients from wastes. Therefore, reviewing the present and imminent potential of these technologies for adaptation of nutrient recycling from wastes is of great importance. Since waste management is a significant concern all over the globe and technologies, e.g., landfill, combustion, incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification, are available to manage generated wastes, they have adverse impacts on society and on the environment. Thus, climate-friendly technologies, such as composting, biodegradation, and anaerobic decomposition, with the generation of non-biodegradable wastes need to be adopted to ensure a sustainable future environment. Furthermore, environmental impacts of technology could be quantified by life cycle assessment (LCA). Therefore, LCA could be used to evaluate the performance of different environmentally-friendly technologies in waste management and in the designing of future policies. LCA, in combination with other approaches, may prove helpful in the development of strategies and policies for the selection of dynamic products and processes.
Highlights
In the era of modern technology and globalization, humankind has reached at its peak in terms of progress in everyday life and activities, such as urbanization, industrial implantation, space technology, and agriculture left the massive amount of solid waste in return
There is a generation of a million tons of soil waste, and management of such wastes is complicated and uneconomical to use at a broad level
No single technology can effectively recover all nutrients from wastes
Summary
In the era of modern technology and globalization, humankind has reached at its peak in terms of progress in everyday life and activities, such as urbanization, industrial implantation, space technology, and agriculture left the massive amount of solid waste in return. Waste management to organic resource utilization and to recover nutrients is key way to have sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural production. The application of mentioned nutrients increases the available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc, iron, manganese, and copper It is influential on the oil content, availability of organic carbon, EC and pH of soil. Addition of vermicomposting to the soil during the life cycle of this crop resulted in enhanced growth, better combating with water stress, more pods, increase accumulation of protein content, and more biological and grain yield. The result further showed that vermicompost had significantly larger nutrient concentrations than the compost when mixed with the soil, higher microbial population sizes and activity, and increased crop yield [60]. K uptake (102 kg ha−1) decreased as compared to N but was higher than P
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