Abstract
Biomaterials and their clinical application have become well known in recent years and progress in their manufacturing processes are essential steps in their technological advancement. Great advances have been made in the field of biomaterials, including ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, glass-ceramics and metal alloys. Dense and porous ceramics have been widely used for various biomedical applications. Current applications of bioceramics include bone grafts, spinal fusion, bone repairs, bone fillers, maxillofacial reconstruction, etc. One of the common impediments in the bioceramics and metallic porous implants for biomedical applications are their lack of mechanical strength. High-pressure processing can be a viable solution in obtaining porous biomaterials. Many properties such as mechanical properties, non-toxicity, surface modification, degradation rate, biocompatibility, corrosion rate and scaffold design are taken into consideration. The current review focuses on different manufacturing processes used for bioceramics, polymers and metals and their alloys in porous forms. Recent advances in the manufacturing technologies of porous ceramics by freeze isostatic pressure and hydrothermal processing are discussed in detail. Pressure as a parameter can be helpful in obtaining porous forms for biomaterials with increased mechanical strength.
Highlights
In the present work we have reported on porous SiO2 scaffolds by freeze isostatic pressure (FIP) and this process allows the scaffold and incorporate therapeutic drug molecules to be decontaminated at the same time during fabrication process
Porous scaffolds are indicated for tissue engineering in restoring bone defects
The porous scaffolds help cells to attach, proliferate and differentiate to form a desirable new tissue. Various parameters such as composition, structural features such as porosity, pore size and morphology play a vital role in obtaining tissue engineering
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. To increase the structural stability, temperature is used very often for the porous ceramics Pressure is another important thermodynamic parameter that can help in fabricating porous biomaterials obtained at low temperature with increased mechanical strength. The structural stability of the porous biomaterials is, in general, brittle, which is intricately dependent on parameters such as porosity volume fraction, pore size and pore structure. High pressure can lead to structural transformations and help the synthesis of novel materials In both cases, the condensation effect (∆V < 0 between precursors and the final product) is the general rule. The diffusion mechanisms tend to contribute more to densification than power-law creep which, in turn, predominates at high hot isostatic pressure (HIP) This is because the driving force for the diffusion processes is much less sensitive to the effective pressure than the rate of dislocation creep. Innovative high-pressure processing for porous biomaterials is presented and the current state of the art for metals, polymers and ceramics is discussed
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