Abstract
The depletion of fossil fuel resources and their associated effects, such as greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and environmental pollution, have prompted researchers to explore the bioeconomy in innovative ways. The concepts of sustainability and the circular economy have shifted the focus of research from mere development to development that also prioritizes environmental protection, known as sustainable development. Conventional plastics, derived from petroleum, can take hundreds of years to degrade naturally, thus harming the local environment. Bioplastics, which are biopolymers sourced from biological materials, offer the advantage of biodegradability in natural environments and are considered a virtuous replacement for conventional plastics. Starch, an abundant and low-cost biopolymer, is a promising material for bioplastics. However, starch-based bioplastics often fall short in practical applications due to limited mechanical and barrier properties. Effective solutions include copolymerization, the addition of fillers, plasticization, and chemical modification. This review focuses on starch-based bioplastics, enhanced with cellulose, polylactic acid, and polyhydroxyalkanoates, and their applications in food packaging, medical, and electronic sectors.
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