Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a population of lymphoid cells that do not express T cell or B cell antigen-specific receptors. They are largely tissue-resident and enriched at mucosal sites to play a protective role against pathogens. ILCs mimic the functions of CD4 T helper (Th) subsets. Type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) are defined by the expression of signature cytokine IFN-γ and the master transcription factor T-bet, involving in the type 1 immune response; ILC2s are characterized by the expression of signature cytokine IL-5/IL-13 and the master transcription factor GATA3, participating in the type 2 immune response; ILC3s are RORγt-expressing cells and are capable of producing IL-22 and IL-17 to maintain intestinal homeostasis. The discovery and investigation of ILCs over the past decades extends our knowledge beyond classical adaptive and innate immunology. In this review, we will focus on the roles of ILCs in intestinal inflammation and related disorders.
Highlights
The immune system is the most important part of body defense system against viruses, bacteria, and fungi
All innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are generated from common progenitors (ILCPs), lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells develop from a distinct progenitor which has no history of PLZF expression but helper-like innate lymphoid progenitors
ILC1s but not ILC3s make a major contribution to host resistance; loss of IFN-γ or T-bet-expressing ILC1s in Rag1−/− mice are susceptible to C. difficile infection, while loss of ILC3s or IL-22 production has a limited impact on the recovery following C
Summary
The immune system is the most important part of body defense system against viruses, bacteria, and fungi. While ILCs can directly secrete effector cytokines to orchestrate local immune response, they are ca of 15 pable of presenting antigens to Th cells through MHCII and promoting T helper (Th) cell differentiation and effector functions [4–7]. There are similarities between the development innate cells Both T cells and ILCs are derived from common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs). All ILCs are generated from common progenitors (ILCPs), LTi cells develop from a distinct progenitor which has no history of PLZF expression but helper-like innate lymphoid progenitors. As during T helper (Th) cell differentiation, ILCPs can give rise to ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3 subtypes, whose development depends on the master transcription factors T-bet, GATA3, and RORγt, respectively. ILCs can directly secrete effector cytokines to orchestrate local immune response, they are capable of presenting antigens to Th cells through MHCII and promoting T helper (Th) cell differentiation and effector functions [4–7].
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