Injection‐Induced Shear Slip and Permeability Enhancement in Granite Fractures

Abstract

AbstractShear stimulation, so‐called hydroshearing, is believed to reactivate critical or near‐critical preexisting fractures by pressurized fluid injection, causing them to slip and dilate for economic production from geothermal and unconventional petroleum reservoirs. However, little or no experiments have been conducted to directly probe the coupled hydromechanical responses and permeability evolution during fracture shearing. In this paper, we present the results of novel injection‐induced shear tests on cylindrical granite samples each containing a single tensile or saw cut fracture. The shear test on rough fractures demonstrates that retainable permeability enhancement can be achieved through dilatant shear slip. The characteristic stick‐slip behavior of the fracture during shearing is also observed. Fracture aperture controlled by effective normal stress dominates the fluid flow in stick state, while in slip state, the major contributor to production increase is the irreversible normal dilation caused by fracture shear slip. The experimental data show that depending on the fracture roughness, the fracture slip process includes two quasi‐static slip intervals with a slip velocity of ~10−9 to ~10−6 m/s and a dynamic slip interval with a slip velocity of ~10−7 to ~10−5 m/s. The fracture slip correlates well with the associated stress relaxation: a faster fracture slip induces a quicker stress relaxation, and vice versa. The influence of surface roughness on the hydromechanical responses during fracture shearing and the shear‐induced asperity degradation are also studied. The various experimental observations on rough and smooth fractures clearly indicate that the key component to shear stimulation is fracture self‐propping by asperities.