Initiation of stress-corrosion cracking in unidirectional glass/polymer composite materials

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to determine the resistance to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) of three unidirectional (pultruded) E-glass/polymer composites based on modified polyester, epoxy and vinyl ester resins. The composites have been subjected to a nitric acid solution of pH 1.2 in a newly designed four-point bend fixture. The stress-corrosion process was initiated on the as-supplied surfaces of the composites. The process has been monitored for acoustic emissions and the stress-corrosion surface damage in the specimens was investigated by the use of scanning electron microscopy. Experimental results indicate that the stress-corrosion cracks originate predominantly from exposed glass fibers on the surfaces of the composites. The process can be successfully monitored by means of acoustic emission equipment. Three stages of SCC, crack initiation, sub-critical crack extension and stable crack propagation, can be distinguished by carefully examining the curves of acoustic emission (number of events) versus time. For the first and second stages of SCC, the acoustic emission outputs are linear functions of time. The slopes of the first and second stages of the curves of acoustic emission versus time have been used to determine quantitatively both the resistance of the composites to crack initiation and sub-critical crack extension, respectively. It has been shown in this research that the resistance to the initiation of SCC in nitric acid of the E-glass/vinyl ester composite is approximately 10 times greater than the E-glass/epoxy composite. Furthermore, the E-glass/epoxy system exhibits approximately 5 times higher resistance to the initiation of SCC than the E-glass/modified polyester system. The sub-critical crack extension process is also significantly more rapid in the E-glass/modified polyester than in the E-glass/epoxy composite.