Abstract
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in nature. As a biological control agent of agricultural pests, Trichoderma species have been widely studied in recent years. This study aimed to understand the inhibitory mechanism of Trichoderma virens ZT05 on Rhizoctonia solani through the side-by-side culture of T. virens ZT05 and R. solani. To this end, we investigated the effect of volatile and nonvolatile metabolites of T. virens ZT05 on the mycelium growth and enzyme activity of R. solani and analyzed transcriptome data collected from side-by-side culture. T. virens ZT05 has a significant antagonistic effect against R. solani. The mycelium of T. virens ZT05 spirally wraps around and penetrates the mycelium of R. solani and inhibits the growth of R. solani. The volatile and nonvolatile metabolites of T. virens ZT05 have significant inhibitory effects on the growth of R. solani. The nonvolatile metabolites of T. virens ZT05 significantly affect the mycelium proteins of R. solani, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), soluble proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA). Twenty genes associated with hyperparasitism, including extracellular proteases, oligopeptide transporters, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), chitinases, glucanases, and proteases were found to be upregulated during the antagonistic process between T. virens ZT05 and R. solani. Thirty genes related to antibiosis function, including tetracycline resistance proteins, reductases, the heat shock response, the oxidative stress response, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters, and multidrug resistance transporters, were found to be upregulated during the side-by-side culture of T. virens ZT05 and R. solani. T. virens ZT05 has a significant inhibitory effect on R. solani, and its mechanism of action is associated with hyperparasitism and antibiosis.
Highlights
The damping-off disease of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) is affected by pathogenic fungi, including Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani J.G
The nonvolatile metabolites of T. virens ZT05 significantly affect the mycelium proteins of R. solani, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), soluble proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA)
Twenty genes associated with hyperparasitism, including extracellular proteases, oligopeptide transporters, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), chitinases, glucanases, and proteases were found to be upregulated during the antagonistic process between T. virens ZT05 and R. solani
Summary
The damping-off disease of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) is affected by pathogenic fungi, including Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Mongolica) is affected by pathogenic fungi, including Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn, and Pythium, among which R. solani. J.G. Kühn is the major pathogenic factor. The damping-off disease of Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica mostly occurs during years 1–3 of seedling caused by R. solani J.G. Kühn infection, resulting in a death rate of 60% or no production [1,2,3]. Chemical controls have been applied during nursery to reduce fungal infections because of their effectiveness, convenience, and economic benefits. The overuse of chemicals disrupts the soil microbial balance leading to chemical resistance in pathogens and environmental pollution [4,5,6]. Biological controls use beneficial microorganisms and microbial
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