Abstract
Streptococcus suis is difficult to treat and responsible for various infections in humans and pigs. It can also form biofilms and induce persistent infections. Rhizoma Coptidis is a medicinal plant widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Although the inhibitory effects of Rhizoma Coptidis on biofilm formation have been investigated in several studies, the ability of Rhizoma Coptidis to inhibit S. suis biofilm formation and the underlying mechanisms have not yet been reported. In this study, we showed that sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (25 and 50 μg mL-1) of water extracts of Rhizoma Coptidis (Coptis deltoidea C.Y.Cheng & P.K.Hsiao, obtained from Sichuan Province) were sufficient to inhibit biofilm formation, as shown in the tissue culture plate (TCP) method and scanning electron microscopy. Real-time PCR and iTRAQ were used to measure gene and protein expression in S. suis. Sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (25 and 50 μg mL-1) of Rhizoma Coptidis water extracts inhibited S. suis adhesion significantly in an anti-adherence assay. Some genes, such as gapdh, sly, and mrp, and proteins, such as antigen-like protein, CPS16V, and methyltransferase H, involved in adhesion were significantly modulated in cells treated with 50 μg mL-1 of Rhizoma Coptidis water extracts compared to untreated cells. The results from this study suggest that compounds in Rhizoma Coptidis water extracts play an important role in inhibiting adhesion of S. suis cells and, therefore, biofilm formation.
Highlights
Streptococcus suis is a pathogen causing huge economic and financial losses in the pork industry and an emerging threat to human health (Staats et al, 1997; Hill et al, 2005; Lun et al, 2007)
The inhibitory effects of Rhizoma Coptidis water extract on adherence of S. suis to glass were tested at several concentrations (Figure 4)
We investigated the relationship between Rhizoma Coptidis water extracts and S. suis biofilm formation
Summary
Streptococcus suis is a pathogen causing huge economic and financial losses in the pork industry and an emerging threat to human health (Staats et al, 1997; Hill et al, 2005; Lun et al, 2007). S. suis can form biofilms, trapping nutrients, and shielding the pathogen from antagonistic effects (Brady et al, 2008; Wang et al, 2011). Biofilms are consortia of microorganisms attached to biotic or abiotic surfaces. The initial step in biofilm formation is a non-specific, reversible attachment of bacteria to substrate surfaces. The bacteria start to synthesize insoluble exopolysaccharides that encase the adherent bacteria in a three-dimensional. Rhizoma Coptidis Inhibits Biofilm Formation matrix (Costerton et al, 1987). Reducing S. suis adhesion to surfaces may be an effective way to mitigate biofilm formation
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