Abstract
Vessel Plus is an open acccess journal, which publishes articles related to vascular diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, aneurysm, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke, peripheral vascular or pulmonary vascular diseases, etc.
Highlights
Varicose veins frequently develop in the veins of lower extremities including the superficial, deep or perforating veins[1], reflecting the relevance of pressure gradients such as biomechanical stimuli in this pathophysiological process
Short-term exposure to elevated pressure levels stimulated the abundance of activated matrixmetalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and mitogen activated protein kinase, ERK1/2, in isolated mouse veins, which was inhibited upon treatment with diclofenac
Additional research is warranted to investigate whether nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs interfere with the processes promoting the onset of varicose vein development and biomechanical activation of venous cells
Summary
Varicose veins frequently develop in the veins of lower extremities including the superficial, deep or perforating veins[1], reflecting the relevance of pressure gradients such as biomechanical stimuli in this pathophysiological process. Any congestion of blood flow in large veins may cause chronic elevation of blood pressure in the connected venous network and elevate venous wall tension This biomechanical force is sufficient to promote the detrimental and structural remodeling of the venous wall architecture in mouse models[5,6], and is thought to drive comparable processes in humans[7]. This results in the development of thin-walled varicose veins, further characterized by their corkscrew-like and tortuous appearance, enlarged diameter, altered extracellular matrix composition and a change in the activity of endothelial and smooth muscle cells[8]. Loss of the regular collagen-elastin network, changes in the collagen type I to III-ratio[9], and an elevated activity of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9[9,10,11] are reported for varicose veins
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