Inheritance of economically valuable traits in f1 hybrids of grain sorghum during saturating crosses

Abstract

Relevance. The effect of heterosis is of great importance in crop breeding. Heterosis is defined as an increase in the value of the trait of F1 hybrids compared to the average value of both parents. In grain sorghum breeding, heterosis is widely used to increase the yield and expand the adaptive abilities of hybrid plants.Methods. The object of research was 13 of the most precocious F1 combinations of grain sorghum and their parent forms. The crossing scheme includes seven maternal (Ros, Zernishko, Slavyanka, Ogonek, Premiere, Mercury, Orlovskoye) and 6 paternal (Ros, Zernishko, Slavyanka, Ogonek, Belochka, Mercury) forms grain sorghum. The parameters of heterosis were calculated using the method of D.S. Omarov.Results. The greatest effect of true heterosis along the length of the panicle was revealed in the combinations: Slavyanka — Ogonyok (15.6%), Premiere — Mercury (15.0%), and the highest value of hypothetical heterosis was found in the crosses Ogonyok — Ros (22.2%), Slavyanka — Ogonyok (20.1%) and Premiere — Mercury (20.3%). Also, a high degree of phenotypic dominance was found in the combinations Slavyanka — Ogonyok (5.1) and Premiere — Mercury (4.4). Evaluation of hybrids and parental forms shows that many of them exceeded their parent in terms of grain yield from one plant, thus showing true heterosis, which varied from 6.1% in the Zernyshko — Ogonyok hybrid to 49.5% in Premiera — Ros. The highest values of hypothetical heterosis appeared in combinations Ogonyok — Ros and Premiera — Ros — 62.8% and 51.7%. In hybrid combinations, the degree of dominance varied from 0.6 to 34.0. Overdomination was noted for the Premiera — Ros combination (34.0) and the Ogonyok — Ros (6,7).