Abstract
This comprehensive investigation explores the potential application of agro and industrial by-products in the development of lightweight concrete (LWC), with a specific emphasis on lightweight foamed concrete (LWFC). Recognizing the value of limited natural resources, such as fine and coarse aggregates, commonly utilized in concrete within the construction sector, this study addresses the global concern of managing and disposing of by-products. While previous research has explored the integration of waste materials into pre-foamed concrete, a lack of comprehensive knowledge regarding their utilization and impact on foamed concrete has hindered widespread adoption and further advancement. Therefore, this study aims to analyze and evaluate the viability of various industrial and agricultural by-products, as well as quarry and construction sector wastes, as alternative cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete. The focus of this review lies in examining the characteristics of LWC, which encompasses autoclaved and foamed concrete and utilizes diverse industrial and agricultural by-products as substitutions for cementitious materials and aggregates. Detailed analysis is provided on the influence of cement and aggregate substitutions on key concrete properties, including density, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, workability, porosity, and water absorption. When agricultural and industrial by-products are incorporated into LWFC, it results in a reduction in the dead load of constructions due to their lower density, along with increased compressive strength, flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength. At larger replacement ratios, however, detrimental impacts on fresh and hardened characteristics were seen. By investigating the utilization of waste materials and agricultural by-products in lightweight concrete, this study contributes to addressing resource scarcity and waste management challenges in the construction sector. The findings shed light on the potential benefits and limitations of incorporating such materials into concrete production, paving the way for sustainable and environmentally friendly construction practices.
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