Influences of Saturation Ratio of Supplemental Dietary Fat on Digestion and Milk Yield in Dairy Cows

Abstract

Four multiparous, ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in midlactation were utilized in a 4 × 4 Latin square to evaluate the effects of supplemental fat from sources varying in proportions of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids on nutrient digestion and lactation performance. All diets (45% alfalfa hay) contained 12% whole cottonseed (as-fed); treatments were no supplemental fat (control, 3% total fatty acids, dry matter basis) or additional 2% tallow, 2% yellow grease, or 2% blend (60% tallow: 40% yellow grease). The unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios were 1:1 for tallow and 2.5:1 for yellow grease. Dry matter intake, apparent ruminal and total tract digestibilities of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, N, and fatty acids, and microbial efficiency were similar across treatments. Microbial N flow to the duodenum was increased by yellow grease. Supplemental fat reduced the postruminal digestibility of fatty acids, primarily the saturated fatty acids; increasing saturation of the fat source magnified the reduction. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations and ruminal fluid pH were unaffected by fat supplementation or saturation level. Blend decreased ruminal pH and acetate to propionate ratio. Yields of milk and milk fat increased with fat supplementation. Concentrations and yields of trans vaccenic acid in milk increased linearly with the unsaturated fatty acid content of the fat supplement. Modest supplementation using highly unsaturated fats to diets containing whole cottonseed can increase milk production without disturbing rumen function, evident by the similar VFA concentrations, nutrient digestibilities, and milk composition.