Abstract
In gaze controlled computer interfaces the dwell time is often used as selection criterion. But this solution comes along with several problems, especially in the temporal domain: Eye movement studies on scene perception could demonstrate that fixations of different durations serve different purposes and should therefore be differentiated. The use of dwell time for selection implies the need to distinguish intentional selections from merely per-ceptual processes, described as the Midas touch problem. Moreover, the feedback of the actual own eye position has not yet been addressed to systematic studies in the context of usability in gaze based computer interaction. We present research on the usability of a simple eye typing set up. Different dwell time and eye position feedback configurations were tested. Our results indicate that smoothing raw eye position and temporal delays in visual feedback enhance the system's functionality and usability. Best overall performance was obtained with a dwell time of 500 ms.
Highlights
A gaze mouse – in its simplest version a gaze cursor – can be seen as a means to control a computer’s cursor with the eyes
Mean ratings for short, medium and long dwell times were at -15.7, -0.22 and 15.7, respectively
The study shows that dwell times and the way a cursor is controlled by the eyes are – apart from the design of the actual visible interfaces – the key factors for the usability of a gaze based typing environment
Summary
A gaze mouse – in its simplest version a gaze cursor – can be seen as a means to control a computer’s cursor with the eyes. We will reflect the functions of fixations on the base of the two visual systems approach (e.g Ingle, 1967; Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982; Velichkovsky, Joos, Helmert, & Pannasch, 2005). Challis, Velichkovsky, & Craik, 1996) approach can be helpful in designing a gaze based interaction tool. These approaches provide a good base to discuss and investigate the pitfall of the Midas touch problem (Jacob, 1991). In seek for an optimised way of interacting with the computer in gaze based manner we will take into consideration how an actual eye p osition is linked to the subject’s conscious experience depending on the ongoing task (Helmert, Pannasch, & Velichkovsky, in press.; Velichkovsky, 1995)
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