Abstract
To elucidate defense mechanisms of Piper nigrum against fusariosis, an experiment based on co-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis was performed. Variations in secondary metabolism in plants infected with F. solani f. sp. piperis (FUS) and co-inoculated with AMFs and F. solani (AMF + FUS) were monitored at 7- and 21-days post inoculations (dpi). The pathogen induced a decrease in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (82.0–77.4%), and changes in the concentrations of the main compounds, α-muurolene, α-muurolol, and 2E-hexenal in the leaves. It was observed that the concentration of 2E-hexenal decreased at 7 dpi, α-muurolene decreased at 21 dpi, and α-muurolol increased at 21 dpi. There was a prevalence of sesquiterpene and monoterpene hydrocarbons in the roots, such as β-caryophyllene, δ-elemene, and limonene. The infection and co-inoculation induced greater production of phenolics in the roots at 7 dpi. The enzymatic activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase decreased in the leaves at 21 dpi and in the roots on both days, while the lipoxygenase activity decreased only in the roots at 21 dpi. The results demonstrated that co-inoculation with AMFs and F. solani induces changes in the defense metabolism of P. nigrum, but it is not efficient in the biocontrol of fusariosis during the evaluated period.
Highlights
Visual symptoms of fusariosis were monitored to evaluate the development of the Visual symptoms fusariosis monitored to evaluate development of the disease
Chlorosis was noticed from dpi on inoculated plants (FUS)
Co-inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and F. solani f. sp. piperis (AMF + FUS), which culminated in the co-inoculated with
Summary
Root rot, foot rot, or ‘mal de mariquita’ is caused by Fusarium solani f. It is a phytopathology of great economic interest for the state of Pará, Brazil, and represents the main problem for the cultivation of black pepper, as it has decimated large planted areas and culminated in the increase in production and sale costs of black pepper fruit [1,2]. Fusariosis is established through a compatible interaction between the host and the pathogen [3]. Some Piper nigrum cultivars are more susceptible than others, the Bragantina
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