Abstract
Aim. Our aims were to determine the influence of plasma total 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) status on the plasma cytokine concentrations in athletes and the in vitro effects of different doses of 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1, 25(OH)2D3) on multiantigen stimulated cytokine production by whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. Methods. Plasma samples from 43 athletes with high and low levels of 25(OH)D were assayed for the concentrations of cytokines. The whole blood samples and PBMCs from healthy subjects were incubated in vitro with a multi-antigen vaccine and different doses of added 1, 25(OH)2D3. The circulating cytokines and stimulated whole blood and PBMC culture production of cytokines were determined using a biochip assay. Results. The circulating interleukin-(IL-)10 and interferon-(IFN-) γ concentrations were significantly higher in the vitamin D sufficient athletes. Furthermore, the production of tumour necrosis factor-(TNF-) α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-10 by whole blood culture was significantly inhibited by 1, 25(OH)2D3 concentrations of 1000 pmol/L or 10000 pmol/L. Conclusions. We found that the influence of vitamin D on circulating cytokines might be different in athletes compared with nonathletes and cytokines production by whole blood culture was not influenced by 1, 25(OH)2D3 in concentrations within the normal healthy range.
Highlights
Vitamin D can be obtained either from dietary sources or the epidermal layer of the skin via exposure to sunlight
There was a positive correlation between the plasma 25(OH)D and IFNγ concentrations (r = 0.374, P = 0.014), but plasma 25(OH)D concentrations did not correlate with TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL4, IL-6, or IL-10 levels (Table 3)
The aims of this research were to determine the influence of plasma 25(OH)D status on the circulating cytokine levels in endurance sport athletes and the effects of different doses of 1, 25(OH)2D3 on the multi-antigen stimulated cytokine production by whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures
Summary
Vitamin D can be obtained either from dietary sources or the epidermal layer of the skin via exposure to sunlight. 25(OH)D is the main storage form, which can be stored in muscles and adipose tissue, and is the major circulating metabolite of vitamin D, with a plasma half-life of 2-3 weeks. The plasma concentration of 25(OH)D is considered to be the primary indicator of vitamin D status [1]. 25(OH)D > 100 nmol/L are defined as optimal vitamin D status and levels from 50 to 100 nmol/L are defined as adequate. Plasma levels of 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L are proposed to define inadequate vitamin D status and values < 30 nmol/L represent vitamin D deficiency. Normal concentrations of circulating 1, 25(OH)2D are approximately 50–250 pmol/L, about 1000 times lower than its precursor, 25(OH)D; the plasma half-life of 1, 25(OH)2D is 4–6 hours [3]
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