Abstract
Parental behavior and pup development in meadow and prairie voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus and M. ochrogaster) were examined. Social units were manipulated for the presence of fathers and of juveniles. Meadow vole mothers alone with pups showed less maternal care and spent more time resting than did mothers with juveniles or with fathers and juveniles. Pups reared only with mothers developed faster than did pups under other conditions. Number of animals in the social unit was negatively comelated with the rate of pup development
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