Influence of the Human Development Index on the Maternal-Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality of Pregnant Women with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Importance for Personalized Medical Care.

Yolanda Cuñarro-López,Javier Ruiz-Labarta,Miguel A Ortega,Juan Antonio De León-Luis,Concepción Hernández-Martín,María Del Mar Muñoz-Chápuli,Pilar Pintado-Recarte,Óscar Cano-Valderrama,Pilar Prats-Rodríguez,Ignacio Cueto-Hernández,Santiago García-Tizón Larroca,Óscar Martínez-Pérez

doi:10.3390/jcm10163631

Abstract

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is perhaps the most worrisome pandemic in the 21st century, having entailed devastating consequences for the whole society during the last year. Different studies have displayed an existing association between pregnancy and COVID-19 severity due to the various physiological changes that occur during gestation. Recent data identified maternal country of origin as an important determinant of COVID-19 presentation in pregnant women. However, the explanation of this fact remains to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to analyze the possible relationship between Human Development Index (HDI) of maternal country of origin with the morbimortality of pregnant women and their newborns. Here, we conducted a multicentric, ambispective, observational case-control study (1:1 ratio) and compare with the HDI of each country (group 1—very high HDI, group 2—high HDI, group 3—medium HDI, and group 4—low HDI). In total, 1347 pregnant women with confirmed SARV-CoV-2 infection (cases) were enrolled, and each was paired with one control to give a total number of 2694 participants from 81 tertiary care centers. Among the women with SARS-CoV-2 infection, more cases were produced of perinatal mortality, overall maternal morbidity, COVID-19 maternal morbidity, C-sections, hypertensive maternal morbidity, and perinatal morbidity. Our results described an inverse association between HDI and maternofetal morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the countries with an HDI lower than 1 showed higher rates of patients with maternal COVID-19-related morbidity (6.0% vs. 2.4%, p < 0.001), a need for oxygen therapy (4.7% vs. 1.8%, p < 0.001), and maternal ICU admission (2.6% vs. 1.0%, p = 0.007). Compared to other risk factors such as overweight, obesity, preexisting and obstetric comorbidities, HDI emerged as an independent risk factor explaining much of the increased maternal–perinatal morbidity and mortality detected in our group of cases. Further research is needed to establish to confirm the real impact of this factor and its components on pregnancy outcomes.

Highlights

The global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been growing at an accelerating rate
The recruitment procedure including the number of cases showing COVID-19 symptoms
SARS-CoV-2 infection, more cases were produced of perinatal mortality (1.2% vs. 0.4%, p < 0.001), overall maternal morbidity (41.3% vs. 34.8%, p = 0.003), COVID-19 maternal morbidity (6.9% vs. 0.2%, p < 0.001) and all its components, along with a greater risk of

Summary

Introduction

The global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been growing at an accelerating rate. Pregnant women may be susceptible to developing more severe symptoms after infection with respiratory viruses due to physiological changes in the immune and cardiopulmonary systems that occur during pregnancy [2]. As in non-pregnant patients, most obstetrics patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection show only mild or no symptoms [3]. Most mothers with confirmed COVID-19 are discharged without any major complications, especially if they are asymptomatic [5]. This subset of patients shows a greater risk of maternal–perinatal morbidity and mortality (MPMM) such as a higher risk of C-section, premature birth [6], mechanical ventilation, maternal Intensive

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