Abstract
Ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) samples, which were obtained by blending two different types of ammonium nitrate porous prills (i.e., AN-PP7 and AN-PP8) with fuel oil (FO) were studied. Measurements of structure, crystallinity and morphology were performed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), respectively. From the SEM analysis, it was indicated that a “wrinkled” structure characterized the crystal surface of the samples, which were based on two types of ammonium nitrate porous prill. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) confirmed that AN-PP7 had a higher absorption index in comparison to AN-PP8. Furthermore, it was shown that continuous AN phase transformations at precise temperatures took place. From the blasting test, it was indicated that the absorption index only had an influence on the content of toxic fumes. However, the velocity of detonation (VOD) depended solely on the ANFO density as well as the total volume of post-blast fumes.
Highlights
Ammonium nitrate (AN) is a crystalline, odorless and white, grey or brown solid in the form of prills, pellets or flakes
The analysis showed that the2000 dominant influence belonged to the X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) patterns of pure AN-PP7, (Figure 4, line a) and AN-PP8 (Figure 4, line b) showed
XRD and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) analyses indicate that both assortments of AN (AN-PP7 and AN-PP8) revealed similar properties which resulted in the appearance of the same XRD patterns and IR spectra
Summary
Ammonium nitrate (AN) is a crystalline, odorless and white, grey or brown solid in the form of prills, pellets or flakes. AN may be applied either in agriculture as a fertilizer (AN-F) or in mining as an oxidizer component in explosives [1]. The shape of AN-F is similar to granules. It is highly soluble in water, has a high density and low retention. The ammonium nitrate porous prill (AN-PP) has a lower density than AN-F. Porosity, retention and absorption index are higher by ca. Porosity, retention and absorption index are higher by ca. 12–16%
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