Influence of o′p-DDD on the physiological response to stress in Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus)

Abstract

Various toxicants have previously been held responsible for an impaired capacity of fish from polluted environments to elevate their cortisol levels in response to stress. In the present study we investigated the responses to stress in o′p-DDD [2-(chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorphenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane] exposed (given a single, oral dose of 75 mg o′p-DDD/kg fish) and unexposed Arctic charr. After o′p-DDD administration fish were left undisturbed and without being fed for 28 days, when they were subjected to an acute handling stress. At 1, 3, 7 and 23 h following stress, primary (ACTH and cortisol secretion) and secondary (plasma Cl levels and energy mobilisation) components of the stress response were monitored. As the nutritional state of wild fish may influence this potential biomarker response, the fish had been subjected to a restricted feed ration prior to o′p-DDD administration in order to obtain marked within-group variations in condition factor. No effects of o′p-DDD were observed on post-stress hormone secretion (i.e. peak post-stress plasma ACTH and cortisol levels), nor on plasma chloride levels. However, other results obtained provided evidence for a metabolic depression by o′p-DDD, witnessed by consistently lower plasma glucose levels before and after stress in these contaminated fish. This may be related to the finding that during the 30-day period between o′p-DDD administration and stress treatment, toxicant treated fish lost less weight in comparison to their sham-treated counterparts. Nutritional state did not appear to influence the performance of the charr in the present experiment, as correlations between the parameters measured and condition factor or lipid contents on an individual basis in all cases turned out non significant. Overall, the results contrast with those of previous in vivo and in vitro studies on fish, which concluded that comparable headkidney o′p-DDD levels impaired interrenal steroidogenesis. Although we conclude that the effects of o′p-DDD on Arctic charr metabolism were not associated with the stress response, we propose that they may well interfere with the animals’ ability to cope with stress in the long term, or may compromise other physiological processes, such as smoltification. Finally, the high level of integration of components involved in the stress response complicates the identification of single stress-sensitive indices as biomarkers applicable in environmental monitoring programmes.