Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTP) on retentive strength (RS) between the zirconia crown and the titanium implant abutment using self-adhesive resin cement. Surface free energy (SFE) was calculated on 24 cube-shaped zirconia blocks, and RS was measured on 120 zirconia crown-titanium abutment assemblies bonded with G-CEM LinkAce. The groups were categorized according to the zirconia surface treatment as follows: Control (no surface treatment), NTP, Si (Silane), NTP + Si, Pr (Z-Prime Plus), and NTP + Pr. Half of the RS test assemblies were aged by thermocycling for 5000 cycles at 5–55 °C. The SFE was calculated using the Owens-Wendt method, and the RS was measured using a universal testing machine at the maximum load until failure. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) was performed to evaluate the effect of surface treatments on the SFE and RS. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the RS according to thermocycling (p < 0.05). For the SFE analysis, the NTP group had a significantly higher SFE value than the Control group (p < 0.05). For the RS test, in non-thermocycling, the NTP group showed a significantly higher RS value than the Control group (p < 0.05). However, in thermocycling, there was no significant difference between the Control and NTP groups (p > 0.05). In non-thermocycling, comparing with the NTP + Si or NTP + Pr group, there was no significant difference from the Si or Pr group, respectively (p > 0.05). Conversely, in thermocycling, the NTP + Si and NTP + Pr group had significantly lower RS than the Si and Pr group, respectively (p < 0.05). These results suggest that NTP single treatment for the zirconia crown increases the initial RS but has little effect on the long-term RS. Applied with Silane or Z-Prime Plus, NTP pre-treatment has no positive effect on the RS.
Highlights
Polar and dispersive portions of Surface free energy (SFE) are illustrated in Figure 7, and the sum of these values is the total values of SFE for each
There was no significant difference between the Control and Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTP)
Further research is needed, these results indicate that a stable bond might be formed between the zirconia and the resin cement, taking into account the Retentive Strength (RS) values observed in the NTP group with thermocycling [47]
Summary
Zirconia is one of the most widely used prosthetic materials in recent years because of its excellent aesthetics, biological stability, and wear resistance [1,2,3]. With the development of high-precision CAD-CAM systems, the processing method of zirconia has become simpler and more convenient than that of metal-ceramic when manufacturing implant prostheses [4]. According to a systematic review, the five-year survival rate for implant-supported single crowns was 98.3% for metal-ceramic and 97.6%. For zirconia with no statistically significant differences between them [5]. Despite this high survival rate, loss of retention is one of the most frequent technical complications for overall implant prostheses, including zirconia implants prosthesis [5,6]
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