Influence of microstructural features and deformation-induced martensite on hardening of stainless steel by cryogenic ultrasonic impact treatment

Abstract

Ultrasonic impact treatment of stainless steel AISI 321 was carried out at room temperature (in the argon environment – argon-UIT) and at cryogenic temperature (in liquid nitrogen – cryo-UIT) in the constrained conditions with application of the same mechanical energy to the treated specimens. The time dependencies of the surface hardness HV after the cryo-UIT and argon-UIT processes were of sigmoidal and parabolic shapes, respectively. The microstructural evolution of the surface layers of the deformed specimens was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selective area electron diffraction (SAED) analyses. The volume fractions of the deformation-induced α′ (Vα′) and ε (Vε) martensites were estimated using XRD approach and by magnetic and density measurements. Compared to the room temperature UIT in the argon environment (argon-UIT), the liquid nitrogen UIT generates a higher density of the deformation twins and stacking faults. In addition, a higher Vα′ (~53%) and Vε (~3.5%) were observed after cryo-UIT in deeper surface layers (~200μm). The argon-UIT process leads to the formation of either rectangular twin blocks or dislocation cells, which size ranged 200–500nm. Conversely, after cryo-UIT (ē≈0.95), a nanoscale grain structure of heterogeneous nature (α′ and γ phases) was formed in the outmost surface layer simultaneously with the areas filled with networks of deformation twins and stacking faults. The minimum grain size of α′-martensite Dα′ and austenite Dγ was respectively 25 and 45nm, and twin thickness/spacing was of 60–120nm. Both types of the microstructure contribute to the material strength and result in higher hardness of the cryo-UIT processed specimens (~5–5.66GPa) compared to that of the argon-UIT processed ones (~4.3GPa). With the increase in Zener-Hollomon parameter lnZ, the grain/twin/spacing size is decreased while the Vα′ and surface microhardness HV are increased.