Influence of Iron Addition (Alone or with Calcium) to Elements Biofortification and Antioxidants in Pholiota nameko.

Sylwia Budzyńska,Zuzanna Magdziak,Monika Gąsecka,Mirosław Mleczek,Marek Siwulski,Pavel Kalač,Przemysław Niedzielski,Anna Budka,Piotr Rzymski

doi:10.3390/plants10112275

Abstract

Mushrooms supplementation with iron (Fe) is usually limited, and therefore it would be beneficial to search for other vital elements able to improve the process. The aim of this study was to verify a possible interaction between Fe and calcium (Ca) to estimate the role of the addition of the latter metal to stimulate Fe accumulation in Pholiota nameko. Additionally, an analysis of phenolic compounds and low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) was performed. The increase of Fe concentration in the substrate caused a significantly higher accumulation of this metal in P. nameko. The addition of Ca (5 or 10 mM) stimulated Fe accumulation, just as Fe concentration in the substrate stimulated Ca accumulation, which pointed to a synergism between these metals. The obtained results show that the presence of Fe in the substrate may also promote K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and S accumulation. In contrast, the addition of Ca stimulates and/or inhibits their content in fruit bodies. The phenolic and organic acids profile was poor. Only gallic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, sinapic and syringic acids (phenolics), as well as citric and succinic acids (LMWOAs), were quantified in some combinations in P. nameko fruiting bodies.

Highlights

Nowadays, no one doubts that our survival and health depends largely on the quality and safety of the food we eat
The aim of this study was to determine the role of calcium (Ca) addition to Fe-fortification and verify a possible interaction between these elements in
It was found that inhibition of mycelium growth depended on the dose of Fe and Ca

Summary

Introduction

No one doubts that our survival and health depends largely on the quality and safety of the food we eat. One of its forms is undernutrition resulting from nutrient deficiencies (these terms are often incorrectly used interchangeably) [1]. Elemental deficiencies are still a relevant health issue in developing and underdeveloped countries [2]. The causes of undernutrition or even hidden hunger include deficiency of nutrients in soils, calcareous, or alkali reactions, mono-cropping in agriculture, insufficient quantitative and qualitative supply of food, as well as allergies and intolerances [3,4]. A potentially nutrient improving intake strategy for enriching our diet with specific elements is food fortification [5]. Methods that offer meaningful solutions include classical, industrial, large-scale fortification and enhancement through genetic engineering [4,6]

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