Abstract
BackgroundSymbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria have been associated with a vast variety of physiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences for the host. A wide range of bacterial communities have been found in association with the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), an important pest of cultivated fruit in most regions of the world. We evaluated the diversity of gut bacteria in B. dorsalis specimens from several populations in Kenya and investigated the roles of individual bacterial isolates in the development of axenic (germ-free) B. dorsalis fly lines and their responses to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae.ResultsWe sequenced 16S rRNA to evaluate microbiomes and coupled this with bacterial culturing. Bacterial isolates were mono-associated with axenic B. dorsalis embryos. The shortest embryonic development period was recorded in flies with an intact gut microbiome while the longest period was recorded in axenic fly lines. Similarly, larval development was shortest in flies with an intact gut microbiome, in addition to flies inoculated with Providencia alcalifaciens. Adult B. dorsalis flies emerging from embryos that had been mono-associated with a strain of Lactococcus lactis had decreased survival when challenged with a standard dosage of M. anisopliae ICIPE69 conidia. However, there were no differences in survival between the germ-free lines and flies with an intact microbiome.ConclusionsThese findings will contribute to the selection of probiotics used in artificial diets for B. dorsalis rearing and the development of improved integrated pest management strategies based on entomopathogenic fungi.
Highlights
Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria have been associated with a vast variety of physiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences for the host
We evaluated the implications of rearing flies supplemented with single bacterial isolates on the survival of adult flies when exposed to an entomopathogenic fungus
The absence of bacteria in the axenic lines was observed to significantly lengthen the period taken for embryos to hatch compared to B. dorsalis lines inoculated with individual bacterial isolates, as well as the Utcontrol which had an intact microbiome
Summary
Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria have been associated with a vast variety of physiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences for the host. The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a pest of cultivated fruit and has been recorded in various locations across Asia, Africa, and North America and recently in Europe [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] Since this species is considered a high risk quarantine pest, infestation with this pest has significant implications for production, trade and socio-economic aspects of affected countries [10,11,12,13]. Limited information is available regarding whether bacterial symbionts influence the response of B. dorsalis to this fungus
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