Abstract
Understanding the regulation of human food intake in response to an acute exercise session is of importance for interventions with athletes and soldiers, as well as overweight individuals. However, the influence of hot and cold environments on this crucial function for the regulation of body mass and motor performance has not been summarized. The purpose of this review was to exhaustively search the literature on the effect of ambient temperature during an exercise session on the subsequent subjective feeling of appetite, energy intake (EI) and its regulation. In the absence of stress due to environmental temperature, exercise-induced energy expenditure is not compensated by EI during an ad libitum meal following the session, probably due to decreased acylated ghrelin and increased peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels. No systematic analysis has been yet made for major alterations of relative EI in cold and hot environments. However, observed eating behaviors are altered (proportion of solid/liquid food, carbohydrate/fat) and physiological regulation appears also to be altered. Anorexigenic signals, particularly PYY, appear to further increase in hot environments than in those that are thermoneutral. Ghrelin and leptin may be involved in the observed increase in EI after exercise in the cold, in parallel with increased energy expenditure. The potential influence of ambient thermal environment on eating behaviors after an exercise session should not be neglected.
Highlights
IntroductionUnderstanding how the energy balance is altered by exercise may improve the care of two populations: those who want to lose fat and body mass, seeking a negative energy balance (overweight/obese population), and those who need to maintain an equilibrium between energy intake and expenditure (moderate to high-level athletes and soldiers)
Understanding how the energy balance is altered by exercise may improve the care of two populations: those who want to lose fat and body mass, seeking a negative energy balance, and those who need to maintain an equilibrium between energy intake and expenditure.Concerning the first context, the rising worldwide incidence of obesity has become a major public health issue [1,2]
Ghrelin and leptin may be involved in the observed increase in energy intake (EI) after exercise in the cold, in parallel with increased energy expenditure
Summary
Understanding how the energy balance is altered by exercise may improve the care of two populations: those who want to lose fat and body mass, seeking a negative energy balance (overweight/obese population), and those who need to maintain an equilibrium between energy intake and expenditure (moderate to high-level athletes and soldiers). The effect of healthy diets on preventing weight (re)gain or reducing body mass in overweight/obese individuals has been extensively studied and their benefits and main limits (weight regain after drastic diets undertaken to lose body mass) are well-known [4] Another way to induce a negative energy balance is to increase EE, possibly through voluntary physical activity (PA) [5]. Athletes and soldiers expect increased PAEE to be compensated to avoid caloric deficit, but overweight and obese individuals count on the absence of PAEE through the decrease or absence of modifications of post-exercise EI to preserve a hypothetical chronic negative energy balance. The effect of a single exercise session on the components of energy balance regulation (subjective appetite, EI, plasma hormone levels related to eating behavior) has been well-documented and reviewed [9,10,11]. This mini-review presents the current knowledge in this field
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