Influence of gravitational waves upon light in the Minkowski background: From null geodesics to interferometry

Abstract

We have recently derived a manifestly covariant evolution law, under the geometrical optics (or eikonal) approximation of the vacuum Maxwell equations, for the electric field along null geodesics in a general spacetime, relative to an arbitrary set of instantaneous observers [Phys. Rev. D 101, 081501(R) (2020)]. As one of its applications, we derive here the final detected intensity signal arising from a prototypical laser interferometric gravitational-wave (GW) Michelson-Morley detector, comoving with transverse-traceless (TT) observers, valid for both long and short GW wavelengths (as compared to the lengths of the interferometers arms). The motion of the test particles and light is described through the covariant kinematic and optical parameters. One of our main results is the presentation of the integrated null geodesic parametric equations exchanged between two TT observers in terms of explicitly observable quantities (laser initial frequency and positions of the observers) and the profile of the plane GW packet. This allows us to revisit the derivation of the consequential radar distance and Doppler shift, taking the opportunity to discuss some related subtle conceptual issues and how they might affect the interferometric process. Another achievement is the calculation of the electric field in each arm up to the detection event, for any relative orientations of the arms and the GW direction. The main quantitative result is the new expression for the final interference pattern, for normal GW incidence, which turns out to have three contributions: (i) the well-known traditional one due to the difference in optical paths, and two new ones due to (ii) the Doppler effect and (iii) the divergence of the laser beams. The quantitative relevance of the last two contributions is compared to the traditional one and shown to be negligible within the geometrical optics regime of light. Although in general further contributions from the nonparallel transport of the polarization vector are expected [cf. Phys. Rev. D 101, 081501(R) (2020)], again in the case of GW normal incidence, such a vector is indeed parallel transported, and those contributions are absent.