Abstract
Geologic factors had a significant influence on where and how the ancient Egyptian civilization (3100-1085 B.C.) developed. The geologic factors related to the Nile River floodplain resulted in an annually renewable fertile soil which, when supplied with water by an irrigation system, was suitable for producing a significant food surplus, the basis for a civilization. Other geological factors were the natural barriers reflecting the physical geology and climate of the region, which enabled Egyptian civilization to develop in a natural isolation from outside interference by invaders. Because of its favorable geologic setting, Egypt had access in the immediate vicinity to the resources needed to develop its civilization. In addition to the fertile soil, a variety of building stones and gold, copper, and turquoise were available. Besides the standard mud-brick used for common buildings, a variety of building materials, including limestone, sandstone, graywacke, travertine, breccia, chert, jasper, granite, di...
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