Influence of exogenic and endogenic factors for the development of perinatal pathology in puppies

Abstract

The article gives an overview of the sources of professional literature on neonatal pathology and pediatrics of puppies, in particular the definition of the genetic, congenital, iatrogenic causes of perinatal pathology. Genetic factors affecting the development of genital organs in dogs relate to 3 main categories of disorders, in particular chromosomal aberrations of the reproductive cells, disorders in individuals with normal genome of the male sexual sphere and related disorders in females. Non-genetic causes of congenital defects include taking pharmaceuticals during pregnancy that cause teratogenic effects on the fetus. The influence of individual drugs on the development of various anomalies and pathologies in the fruits is described. Congenital malformations have the nature of a syndrome, which manifests itself in multiple disorders, and often is associated with the peculiarities of the genus. The basis of congenital metabolic disorders is the genetically determined deficiency of enzymes. It has been established that the most common causes of mortality in puppies up to 2 weeks are hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, dehydration, hemolytic syndrome, low birth weight, iatrogenic cause and bacterial infections. The appearance of symptoms of the disease in puppies depends on the degree of bacterial invasion and the reliability of immune defense, which in turn depends on the strength of the mother's immunity, as well as the age of the puppy, the use of colostrum, the level of concentration of microorganisms in the environment, stress and many individual factors. Bacterial infections are manifested differently, depending on the pathways of penetration of the pathogen. The modification of the Apgar scale for daily assessment of the condition of newborn puppies is described, which allows predicting animal survival. The scientific data on the use of ultrasound diagnosis and dopplerometry in pregnancy in females, the state of fetal development of fetuses and determination of optimal terms of delivery or on-line maternity care are given. The method of diagnosing the condition of the fetus by measuring the blood flow velocity and determining the content of lactic acid in the umbilical cord vessels is described, and the threshold concentration of lactic acid in the blood of the umbilical cord is determined, which allows differentiating healthy puppies from those exposed to stress factors. Another actual problem that is considered in modern professional literature is the use of hormonal markers for the diagnosis of pregnancy, as well as the definition of optimal terms of coverage or artificial insemination of females. The main types of neonatal pathology in dogs are described, as well as the principles of therapy in them in the works of well-known domestic and foreign specialists in the field of pediatric home carnivorous.