Abstract
In order to manage the urban environment and reduce pollution, it is essential to determine potentially toxic elements and de-icing salts in roadside soils and plants, which are major components of green infrastructure. A field study was conducted to elucidate the influence of land use on potentially toxic elements and de-icing salts in roadside soil and trees in urban areas. The effect of land use was determined in commercial, residential, industrial, and green areas of Cheongju city. The roadside soil and plant samples were collected from four different sites along a major roadway in the city. The chemical parameters determined were pH, electronic conductivity, potentially toxic elements (Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, As, Pb, Ni), and de-icing salts (Na, Ca, Mg). The pH, electronic conductivity, potentially toxic elements (except copper), and de-icing salt values were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the land use. On the other hand, the potentially toxic element (except zinc and nickel) levels in roadside tree leaves (Ginkgo biloba) were not affected by the different land use, whereas the de-icing salt levels were significantly different (p < 0.05). The enrichment factor (EF) of potentially toxic elements was found to be lower than that of de-icing salts with the highest values of sodium in green areas and of magnesium in commercial areas. These results provide information on the implications of land use, including the surrounding area of influenced roadside soil and plant chemistry for the urban ecosystem.
Highlights
Toxic elements (PTEs) [1,2] and de-icing salts are substances naturally present everywhere in the environment, human activities have led to an increase in their concentration within certain areas
Due to the concentrations of these potentially toxic elements and de-icing salts being higher in samples collected close to the road edge [7], we targeted roadside soils and trees
The digested plant and soil samples were filtered before analysis, and the concentration of potentially toxic elements and de-icing salt cations of the solution of soil and plant samples were determined by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP, Optima 5300DV, Perkin Elmer, Hopkinton, MA, USA)
Summary
Toxic elements (PTEs) [1,2] and de-icing salts are substances naturally present everywhere in the environment, human activities have led to an increase in their concentration within certain areas. Roadside soils and road dust often contain potentially toxic elements from brake and tire wear, remnant leaded gasoline, and other car additives and components [3]. De-icing salts such as NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 have been determined in high concentrations in traffic areas [4]. These pollutants are transported into the roadside environment through aerial spread or the infiltration of spray water and road runoff [5]. Rinapuidrblyaninencrveiarosinnmg epnotsp[u9l]a.tiRoonadansiddeusnopillaannndepdlaunrtbcahneizmaitsitorny cparnoccehsasnesgehfarvoembyeeeanr tcohyalelaerngdienpgenthdeing eocnolaogniucmal bbearlaonfceen[1v0i]r.oAnnmthenrotaplofgaecntoicrsso. iIlnpoaldludtiitoionnis, uraspuiadlllyyninoct rliemasitinedg tpooapsuinlagtlieopnoallnudtaunnt.pTlhanerneed iusrmbaonriezacotinocneprnrotcheastseinschraevaseebdeceonnccheanltlreantgioinngs tohfesoecluoblolegiscaalltsbamlaanycdei[s1p0l]a.cAe nmthetraolpforgoemniscosiloailnpdotllhuetnion iinscuresuasaellythneodt ilsimsoiltuetdiotno raatseinogflethpeoslelumtaentta.lsT. hFeorre eisxammoprelec, odnucreirnng thapapt liinccarteioansesdocf oNnaceCnltrinatiroonasdof msoaluinbtleenasnalctes, imncaryeadsiesspilnacCedm, Ceuta, Nl fir,oamndsZonilcaonndcetnhterantiionncsrewaesreetdheetedcitsesdoilnuttihoenefrfaluteenotfctohnessterumcteetdals. wFoertlaenxadms [p6l]e. ,Ndourrrisntrgömapeptliacla. t[i1o1n]sreopfoNrtaedClthinatraoaladrgme apianrtteonfaPnbce, ,Cidn,carenadseZsnininChdig,hCwua,yNroi,aadnsiddeZn scooinlscenistravtuiolnnesrwabelree dtoetelecatecdhiinngthwe hefflenueenxtpcoosnedstrutoctehdigwhetNlaanCdls [c6o]n. cNeonrtrrasttrioönms.etTahle. [1d1i]srseoplvoerdted cthoantceanltarragteiopnasrot fotfhPebp, oCtden, atinadllyZtnoxinicheilgehmweanyt aronadddseid-iecisnogilssailstvcuonlnteenratbs lreeatochlepaochteinntgiawllhyetnoxeixcpleovseedls to whiigthh hNigaChlrcooandcuensetr[a7t]i.oInfss.aTlthaenddispsooltvenedtiaclolynctoenxitcraetlieomnsenotfsthareeploikteenlytitaollybetoexleicvaetleemd,etnhtisanredsudlets-icining tsoaxltiscictoynwteinthtsinretahceh epnovteirnotniamllyentot.xHicolewveevlserw, itthhehseigshturodaiedsuwsee[r7e].mIfaisnalyt arnedlapteodtetnotialqlyuatotixcicsyesletemmesnts [a6r,e10li–k1e2l]y. tOo nbleyelaevfaewteds,ttuhdisierseshualtvseinbetoexniccitoynwduitchteind thtoe eenxvamiroinnemtehnet. eHffoewctesvoefr, theselasntduduiesse woef re smuarrinoulynrdeilnagteadretoasaoqnuaptoictesnytsitaellmysto[6x,i1c0e–l1e2m].enOtns laynadfdeweicsitnugdsiaesltshainveurbbeaenn rcooanddsuidcetesdotilos eaxnadmtirneest.he Teffhercetsfoorfe,thine ltahnisdsutusedyofwseurerxoaumnidniendg tahreeacsoonncepnotrtaetniotinasllyoftopxoitcenelteiamlleynttosxaicndeldeme-eicnitnsgasnadltds ein-icuinrbgan sraolatds,siadsewsoelilsaasntdhetrmeeos.biTlihtyeroefotrhee,sien ethleims setnutdsyinwtehexsaomilintoedtrtehees cboyncthenetlraantidonusseofinpoctoemntmiaellrycitaolx, ic reelesimdentsiaal,nidnddues-itcrinalg, asanldtsg, raesewnealrleaass.the mobility of these elements in the soil to trees by the land use in commercial, residential, industrial, and green areas
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